对宿烟收,春禽静,飞雨时鸣高屋。墙头青玉旆,洗铅霜都尽,嫩梢相触。润逼琴丝,寒侵枕障,虫网吹黏帘竹。邮亭无人处,听檐声不断,困眠初熟。奈愁极顿惊,梦轻难记,自怜幽独。
行人归意速。最先念、流潦妨车毂。怎奈向、兰成憔悴,卫玠清羸,等闲时、易伤心目。未怪平阳客,双泪落、笛中哀曲。况萧索、青芜国。红糁铺地,门外荆桃如菽。夜游共谁秉烛。
这是一首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xichun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜春词。上阕从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/muchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>暮春的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨景写到客中阻HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/choumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁闷,从视听两方面描绘,笔法细腻;下阕从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨阻行程写到落红铺地、春事消歇,抒归心似箭而难归去的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wunai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>无奈和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅。
此篇在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨迷蒙的意象中,点染HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人事。上片写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中的闺愁。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头三句写一宿HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨初歇,拂晓时烟雾弥漫,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟儿刚刚睁开惺松的双眼,还未婉转啼鸣,此时,大地一片寂静。而昨日,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨交加,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟鸣高屋,一片喧嚣。这是倒叙法,将静与动、冷与热两相对照,以突出今日之“静”,为下面闺愁作了衬托。“墙头”三句,从“静”字展开,写墙头青布酒招已不飘扬,楼上玉人洗尽铅华,只有柳眼微睁,柳丝依依,脉脉含情。几笔HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物素描,已将闺愁暗暗托出。“润逼琴丝”三句,进一步勾勒闺房HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物──琴、枕、屏障、竹帘,都在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨潇潇中蒙上了湿润,浸透了寒气,是泪湿?是心寒?闺中人的愁情就能在这闺房HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物中。“虫网吹粘帘竹”一句尤妙,以物象描绘之细微,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>揭示了闺中人百无聊赖无所事事之心境。“邮亭无人处”点出闺愁的原因──HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子未归。“邮亭”古代驿站。“听檐声不断”五句,正面写出闺中人在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中的绵绵HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思。她深夜不寐,听夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨淅沥,檐水滴心,其情苦也。困乏时刚刚入睡,奈何又被“愁极”惊醒,梦中的相会是幸福的,然而又是短暂的,梦醒后,竟是“自怜幽独”。
下片写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中的羁愁。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头两句写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子归心似箭,然而最令人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youlǜ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧虑的是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨水成潦,阻住车轮,无法还乡。羁留HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>他乡,岂不愁煞得兰成憔悴,卫玠瘦羸,在等闲之时,在无可奈何之中,不更易使人伤心落泪。此处用典言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅之愁。卫玠,晋安邑人,字叔宝,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风神秀异。官太子洗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马,后移家建业(今南京)。人闻其名,观者如堵,年二十七卒。时人谓“看杀卫玠”。“未怪平阳客”二句,又以平阳客在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨潇潇中闻哀笛落泪事写羁愁。“平阳客”代指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子。“况萧索”以下四句,乃词意一大转折,说HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨潇潇中泪落HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡,那么在万木萧疏、落红遍地、一片荒芜的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>深秋时返乡时,会如何呢?词中只以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨作答──家门外,桃园菽畦,荆棘丛生,如此苍凉景象,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子那有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人秉烛夜游呢?此处结得突然,是转折中的顿挫,词意含蓄,将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅也愁、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>归乡也愁,写得淋漓尽致。可谓“顿挫中别饶蕴藉”。
陈振孙说:邦彦“长调尤善铺叙,富艳精工,词人之甲乙也”(《直斋书录解题》)。邦彦词的铺叙从此篇中可看出其特点是不平铺直叙,而是曲折回环,开阖动荡,富于HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化。
邦彦善创慢曲。张炎《词律·序》言:“美成(周邦彦)诸人又复增渲慢曲、引、近,或移宫犯羽为三犯、四犯之曲,按月律为之,其曲遂繁。”《大酺》则是美成所创之慢曲,双调,133字,前段15句,5仄韵,后段11句,7仄韵。后为者,以此为律。