白羽如霜出塞寒,胡烽不断接长安。
城头一片西山月,多少征人马上看。
开篇“白羽”两字就点明HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞军情紧急,古时军事文书插上HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟羽,表示此书十万火急,须像飞HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟一样迅速传递,故称羽书或羽檄。“霜”字既形容HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟羽之白,又烘托塞外之寒,而且还暗含形势险峻的意味。首句勾勒出一幅信使带着那份如含严霜的羽书,冒着塞外的寒HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风策HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马飞奔的画面。
第二句“胡烽不断接HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安”,“胡烽不断”形象HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/didian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地点明外族屡侵边境。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安是唐代国都,“接HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安”应前句“出塞寒”,表示边境频频告急,战报直入朝廷,军情之峻急尽在不言之中。
诗的前两句给全诗笼罩上紧张的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhanzheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>战争气氛。这两句用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhanzheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>战争所特有的镜头——羽书、胡烽,极写边事严重,句式急促,紧迫之感跃然纸上。
后两句写军士HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuzheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>出征应战。“城头一片西HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山月,多少HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马上看”,这两句承上而来,又移步换形,节奏由急促变舒缓,内容从战事转HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情。月可以说是写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞的诗作中最常见的意象之一,月照边关,使塞外HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色壮阔而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉,朦胧而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄清,颇具HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞情调,诗人在第三句里,把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yueye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月夜写得非常静美;诗中的“一片月”。不仅能衬托情意,而且能喻示HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间,渲染气氛。天下共一月,何必有西HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家乡异地之分。诗中的“西HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山月”含意很深,“西HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山”与“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞”、“胡烽”暗自相联。又同下句“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人看月”情融意合,构成佳境。而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人看月,则又交织着HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家乡的愁情与立功HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞的雄心。“多少HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人”,意即许多离乡远征、抗敌卫国的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将士,他们都是人,立身HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞,目视HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>明月清辉,心头泛起HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡之情。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马上看”就含蓄着这种情感,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhanshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>战士们骑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马奔赴塞外或巡逻边境中,抬头看望高悬空中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>明月,既HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念亲切的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家乡,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/liulian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>留恋HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生,又准备为保卫祖国的大好河HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山而誓死战斗。因此,后两句既带有唐代HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞诗中常见的那种雄豪HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beizhuang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲壮的格调,又有一种缠绵的情致,总观全诗,诗人故意于此设下不和谐音符,借助HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术辩证法的力量,以静显动,创造出一种物我相融,表里一致的境界。
这首诗是明人李攀龙写的一首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗,元美即王世贞。王世贞此次出行,与防务有关,故诗人送诗为其壮行,诗中“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人”句即点送行之意。此诗虽貌似唐诗,但也透露出作者对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实的担忧。全诗仅四句,前三句着力HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景,渲染气氛,为后一句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情奠基。前两句选用白羽、寒塞,胡烽、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安四组意象,强调军情的紧急,为元美的出行渲染气氛。下两句以西HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山之月连接HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人与京城,既表现HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人不恋京城,竭力守边,又HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望元美能勉力边务,不辱使命。诗苍劲雄阔,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境深幽,颇有唐代HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞诗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格。李攀龙诗刻意规模唐调,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuefu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐府诗尤多割剥HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>古人字句,但此诗笔调凝练,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境雄阔,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格劲健,颇得唐代HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞诗的神韵,做到了神与貌合。