李端公鉴赏

原文

故关衰草遍,离别自堪悲。(自堪悲一作:正堪悲)

路出寒云外,人归暮雪时。

少孤为客早,多难识君迟。

掩泪空相向,风尘何处期。

赏析

  这是一首感人至深的诗章,以一个“悲”字贯串全篇。首联写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别的环境气氛,从衰草落笔,时令当在严冬。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaowai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>郊外枯萎的野草,正迎着寒HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风抖动,四野苍茫,一片HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉的景象。在这样的环境中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然大大加重了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离愁别绪。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别自堪悲”这一句写来平直、刻露,但由于是紧承上句脱口而出的,应接HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然,故并不给人以平淡之感,相反倒是为此诗定下了深沉HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤的基调,起了提挈全篇的作用。

  颔联写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别的情景,仍紧扣“悲”字。“路出寒云外”,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人沿着这条路渐渐远离而去,由于阴云密布,天幕低垂,依稀望去,这路好像伸出寒云之外一般。这里写的是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别之景,但融入了浓重的依依难舍的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xibie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜别之情。这一笔是情藏景中。“寒云”二字,下笔沉重,给人以无限阴冷和重压的感觉,对主客HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bieli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>别离时的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉心境起了有力的烘托作用。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人终于远行了,留在这旷野里的只剩诗人自己,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂之感HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然有增无已。偏偏这时,天又下起HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪来了,郊原茫茫,暮HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪霏霏,诗人再也不能久留了,只得回转身来,挪动着沉重的步子,默默地踏上HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪归途。这一句紧承上句而来,处处与上句照应,如“人归”照应“路出”,“暮HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪”照应“寒云”,发展HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然,色调和谐,与上句一起构成一幅完整的严冬HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别图,于淡雅中见出沉郁。

  颈联HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gantan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感叹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世,还是没离开这个“悲”字。诗人送走了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人,思绪万千,百感交集,不禁产生HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fujin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抚今HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuixi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>追昔的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀。“少孤为客早,多难识君迟”是全诗情绪凝聚的警句。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生少孤已属极大不幸,何况又因天宝末年动乱,自己远役HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>他乡,饱经HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/piaobo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>漂泊困厄,而绝少HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhiyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>知音呢。这两句不仅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤个人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世飘零,而且从侧面反映出时代动乱和人们在动乱中漂流不定的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情沉郁,显出了这首诗与大历诗人其他HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zengbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>赠别之作的重要区别。诗人把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别之意,落实到“识君迟”上,将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xibie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜别和感世、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤怀融合在一起,形成了全诗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情发展的高潮。在写法上,这一联两句,反复HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongtan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏叹,词切情真。“早”“迟”二字,配搭恰当,音节和谐,前急后缓,顿挫有致,读之给人以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉回荡之感。

  尾联收束全诗,仍归结到“悲”字。诗人在经历了难堪的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别场面,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆起不胜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤怀的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事之后,越发觉得对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人依依难舍,不禁又回过头来,遥HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>望远方,掩面而泣;然而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人毕竟是望不见了,掩面而泣也是徒然,唯一的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望是下次早日相会。但世事纷争,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风尘扰攘,不知何时才能相会。“掩泪空相向”,总汇了以上抒写的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉之情;“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风尘何处期”,将笔锋转向预卜未来,写出了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情上的余波。这样作结,是很直率而又很有回味的。

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