君不见走马川行雪海边,平沙莽莽黄入天。
轮台九月风夜吼,一川碎石大如斗,随风满地石乱走。
匈奴草黄马正肥,金山西见烟尘飞,汉家大将西出师。
将军金甲夜不脱,半夜军行戈相拨,风头如刀面如割。
马毛带雪汗气蒸,五花连钱旋作冰,幕中草檄砚水凝。
虏骑闻之应胆慑,料知短兵不敢接,车师西门伫献捷。
岑参诗的特点是意奇语奇,尤其是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞之作,奇气益著。《白HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪歌送武判官归京》是奇而婉,侧重在表现HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞绮丽瑰异的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风光,给人以清新俊逸之感;这首诗则是奇而壮,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风沙的猛烈、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haomai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪迈,都给人以雄浑壮美之感。诗人在任安西北庭节度判官时,封常清出兵去征播仙,他便写了这首诗为封送行。
为了表现边防HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将士高昂的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱国HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神,诗人用了反衬手法,抓住有边地特征的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物来状写环境的艰险,极力渲染、夸张环境的恶劣,来突出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物不畏艰险的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神。诗中运用了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻、夸张等HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术手法,写得惊心动魄,绘声绘色,热情奔放,气势昂扬。
首先围绕“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风”字落笔,描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuzheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>出征的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然环境。这次HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuzheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>出征将经过走HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马川、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪海边,穿进戈壁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shamo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>沙漠。“平沙莽莽黄入天”,这是典型的绝域HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风沙HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色,狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风怒卷,黄沙飞扬,遮天蔽日,迷迷蒙蒙,一派混沌的景象。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头三句无一“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风”字,但捕捉住了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风“色”,把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风的猛烈写得历历在目。这是白天的景象。
“轮台九月HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风夜吼,一川碎石大如斗,随HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风满地石乱走。”对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风由暗写转入明写,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xingjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>行军由白日而入黑夜,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风“色”是看不见了,便转到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiofeng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风声。狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风像发疯的野兽,在怒吼,在咆哮,“吼”字形象地显示了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风猛HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风大。接着又通过写石头来HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiofeng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风。斗大的石头,居然被HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹得满地滚动,再著一“乱”字,就更表现出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风的狂暴。“平沙莽莽”句写天,“石乱走”句写地,三言两语就把环境的险恶生动地勾勒出来了。
下面写匈奴利用草黄HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马肥的时机发动了进攻,“金HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山西见烟尘飞”中“烟尘飞”三字,形容报警的烽烟同匈奴铁骑卷起的尘土一起飞扬,既表现了匈奴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/junlu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>军旅的气势,也说明了唐军早有戒备。下面,诗由造境转而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xieren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写人,诗歌的主人公——顶HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风冒寒前进着的唐军HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将士出现了。诗人很善于抓住典型的环境和细节来描写唐军HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将士勇武无敌的飒爽英姿。如环境是夜间,“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将军金甲夜不脱”,以夜不脱甲,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将军重任在肩,以身作则。“半夜军行戈相拨”写半夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xingjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>行军,从“戈相拨”的细节可以想见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yewan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夜晚一片漆黑,和大军衔枚疾走、军容整肃严明的情景。写边地的严寒,不写千丈之坚冰,而是通过几个细节来描写来表现的。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风头如刀面如割”,呼应前面HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风的描写;同时也是大漠HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xingjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>行军最真切的感受。
“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马毛带HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪汗气蒸,五HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花连钱旋作冰。”战HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马在寒HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风中奔驰,那蒸腾的汗水,立刻在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马毛上凝结成冰。诗人抓住了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马身上那凝而又化、化而又凝的汗水进行细致的刻画,以少胜多,充分渲染了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气的严寒,环境的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰苦和临战的紧张气氛。“幕中草檄砚水凝”,军幕中起草HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>檄文时,发现连砚水也冻结了。诗人巧妙地抓住了这个细节,笔墨酣畅地表现出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将士们斗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风傲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪的战斗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haoqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪情。这样的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jundui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>军队必然无人能敌。这就引出了最后三句,料想敌军闻HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风丧胆,预祝凯旋而归,行文就象水到渠成一样HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然。
全篇奇句豪气,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风发泉涌,由于诗人有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianjiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边疆HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的亲身体验,因而此诗能“奇而入理”,“奇而实确”,真实动人。
全诗句句用韵,除HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头两句外,三句一转韵,这在七言古诗中是不多见的。全诗韵位密集,换韵频数,节奏急促有力,情韵灵活流宕,声调激越HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haozhuang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪壮,有如HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinle/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>音乐中的进行曲。