蝶恋花·豆蔻梢头春色浅鉴赏

原文

豆蔻梢头春色浅,新试纱衣,拂袖东风软。红日三竿帘幕卷,画楼影里双飞燕。

拢鬓步摇青玉碾,缺样花枝,叶叶蜂儿颤。独倚阑干凝望远,一川烟草平如剪。

赏析

  谢逸是典型的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wanyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>婉约词人,他的词如其名,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风韵飘逸,不沾脂粉香泽,尤其是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闺怨词,写得温婉含蓄,深具HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花间派遗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风。这首《蝶恋HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花》写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闺怨,却不着一字言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youyuan2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>幽怨之意,情感表达十分曲折。

  “豆蔻”一句,写“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春色”刚至,豆蔻梢头新生的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花苞颜色尚“浅”。此时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春意还未成熟,正如闺中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女的年华。首句用“豆蔻”HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐喻闺中人的芳龄,可以想见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女如HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花一般含苞待放的娉婷和羞涩。

  HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气渐渐回暖,因此HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女“新试纱衣”,“纱”字点出新衣的质地,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女穿着薄纱,“拂袖东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风软”,柔软的东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹动她长长的袖。此处用一个“软”字,既点出东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风的慵懒和软,也表现出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女所穿纱衣质料之软。她站在那里,长袖在暖HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风中缓缓飘舞,其袅娜多姿的倩影,令人心折。

  “红日三竿帘幕卷,画楼影里双飞燕”一句,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女起床卷帘所见。从她睡到“红日三竿”才起床这一细节可以猜测,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女也许长夜难眠,所以天亮之后昏睡不起;也许她早早醒来,在床上百无聊赖地辗转反侧,直到日上三竿,不得不起来,才懒懒下床。无论哪一种情况,都可见出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞。

  起床之后,她走到窗边,将重重帘幕卷起,却见画楼的阴影中,有一双HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yanzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>燕子飞过。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yanzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>燕子双飞,衬出人的形单影只。由此,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闺怨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀已暗暗溢出。词人虽未描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情,但她独倚窗边,对景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情的模样,却如在眼前。

  下片并未承接上片末句所见之景,抒发情感,而是继续围绕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女的行动进行HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙述。“拢鬓步摇青玉碾。缺样HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花枝,叶叶蜂儿颤”二句,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女盛妆打扮。她对镜细细将鬓发收拢,在发髻里插上青玉步摇,戴上精致而罕见、上缀蜂儿的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花枝。词人对头饰的描写,重点在于突出其华丽、摇漾微颤的特点,由此活现出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人的盈盈之姿。

  诗词中写闺中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人,一般写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nuzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>女子“首如飞蓬”(《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>诗经·伯兮》)、“懒更妆梳”(杜安世《鹤冲天》),以表现幽居独处,无人眷赏的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yihen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遗恨与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨。而此词却写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女精心打扮,表现她盼归的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。一样的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀,不同的描写,收到的效果也不一样。“不梳妆”言其独居等候之久,想念之深,心境之怨苦;而“盛妆”则符合HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女天真的心性,也将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuanqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怨情描写得不露痕迹。

  HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女之所以盛妆,是为了等待远方的人归来,由此引出末句“独倚阑干凝HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>望远,一川烟草平如剪”,凝望处,没有归人的身影,只看见一川烟草,如剪刀剪过一样平坦无垠。萋萋“烟草”暗示HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子不归之意(《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuci/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>楚辞·招HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐士》云“王孙游兮不归,春草生兮凄凄”)。从盼归到无人归,由HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>失望,一扬一抑,将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女的怨怀描写得更加细腻深刻。词人不直说人未归,也不直写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少女HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨失落的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情,而用她倚栏所见之景收尾,使词境变得广阔,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思显得绵长。

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