青门引·春思鉴赏

原文

乍暖还轻冷。风雨晚来方定。庭轩寂寞近清明,残花中酒,又是去年病。

楼头画角风吹醒。入夜重门静。那堪更被明月,隔墙送过秋千影。

赏析

  此为春日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人之作。词中所写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hanshijie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寒食节近清明时,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/didian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地点是词人独处的家中。全词抒写了词人感于自己HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞,因外景而引发的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaijiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀旧HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀和忧苦心境。

  上片起首两句,写词人对春日里HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气频繁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化的感受。“乍暖”,见出是由春寒忽然变暖。“还”字一转,引出又一次HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化:HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨忽来,轻冷袭人。轻寒的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,一直到晚才止住了。词人感触之敏锐,不但体现对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化的频繁上,更体现HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气每次HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化的精确上。天暖之感为“乍”;天冷之感为“轻”;HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨之定为“方”。遣词精细确切,暗切微妙HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人情。

  人们对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然现象变换的感触,最容易暗暗引起对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人事沧桑的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲伤。“庭轩”一句,由HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气转写现境,并点出清明这一气候HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化多端的特定时节。至此,这“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞”之感就进而属于内心的感受了。歇拍二句,层层逼出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuti/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>主题:春已迟暮,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花已凋零,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然界的变迁,象喻着HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人事的沧桑,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好事物的破灭,种下了心灵的病根。此病无药可治,唯有借酒浇愁而已,但醉了酒,失去理性的自制,只会加重心头的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁恨。更使人感触的是这样的经验已不是头一遭。前一年如此,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zheyinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>这一年也不例外,“又是去年病”点明词旨。过片承醉酒之后而来。“楼头画角HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹醒”,兼写两种感觉。凄厉的角声,轻冷的晚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风,使酣醉的人清醒过来。黄蓼园评云:“角声而曰HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹醒,醒字极尖刻。”(《蓼园词选》)这一个“醒”字,表现出角声晚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风并至而醉人不得不苏醒的一刹那间反应,同时也暗示酒醉之深和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁恨之重。伤心人被迫醒来自是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tongku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>痛苦不堪,“入夜”一句,即以现境象征HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tongku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>痛苦的心境。夜色降临,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情更加黯然,更加沉重。而重重深闭的院门更象喻着不得开启的心扉。结句指出重门也阻隔不了触景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤怀,溶溶HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yueguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月光居然把隔墙的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuqian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋千影子送了过来。黄蓼园对此句也甚为激赏:“末句那堪送影,真是描神之笔,极希微窅渺之致。”(《蓼园词选》)HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yueguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月光下的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuqian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋千影子是幽微的,描写这一感触,也深刻地表现词人抑郁的心灵。“那堪”二字,重HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>揭示为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuqian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋千影所触动的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀。

  此词用景表情,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuqingyujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情于景,“怀则自触,触则愈怀,未有触之至此极者”(沈际飞《草堂诗余正集》)。尤其是词之末句,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xieren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写人却言物,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiowu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写物却只HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiowu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写物之影,影是人,人又如影之虚之无,确实写出了隽永的词味。总之,张先词HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术上的含蓄和韵味,此词中得到了充分体现。

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