听风听雨过清明。愁草瘗花铭。楼前绿暗分携路,一丝柳、一寸柔情。料峭春寒中酒,交加晓梦啼莺。
西园日日扫林亭。依旧赏新晴。黄蜂频扑秋千索,有当时、纤手香凝。惆怅双鸳不到,幽阶一夜苔生。
这是西园HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人之作。西园在吴地,是梦窗和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人的寓所,二人亦在此HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenshou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分手,所以西园诚是悲欢交织之地。梦窗在此中常提到此地,可见此地实乃梦萦魂绕之地。
这也是一首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春之作。词的上片情景交融,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境有独到之处。前二句是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春,三、四两句写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤别,五、六两句则是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤别的交融,形象丰满,意蕴深邃。“听HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风听HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨过清明”,起句貌似HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiandan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>简单,不象梦窗绵丽的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格,但用意颇深。不仅点出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间,而且勾勒出内心细腻的情愫。
寒食、清明凄冷的禁烟时节,连续刮HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风下HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨不写“见”而写“听”,意思是白天对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中落HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,不忍见,但不能不听到;HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wanshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>晚上则为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花无眠、以听HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风听HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨为常。首句四个字就写出了词人在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingmingjie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>清明节前后,听HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风听HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,愁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风愁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨的惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春情绪,不由让读者生凄神憾魄之感。“愁草瘗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花铭”一句紧承首句而来,意密而情浓。落HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花满地,将它打扫成堆,予以埋葬,这是一层意思;葬HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花后而仍不安心,心想应该为它拟就一个瘗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花铭,瘐信有《瘗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花铭》,此借用之,这是二层意思;草萌时为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花伤心,为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花堕泪,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪横生,故曰“愁草”,这是三层意思。词人为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花而悲,为春而伤,情波千叠,都凝炼在此五字中了。“楼前绿暗分携路,一丝柳,一寸柔情”,是写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别时的情景。梦窗和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人在柳丝飘荡的路上HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenshou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分手,自此柳成为其词中常出现的意象。古代有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zheliu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>折柳相送的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fengsu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风俗,是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望柳丝能够系住将要远行的人,所以说“一丝柳,一寸柔情”,可谓语浅意深。
“料峭春寒中酒,交加晓梦啼莺”,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春又HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤别,无以排遣,只得借酒浇愁,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望醉后梦中能与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人相见。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wunai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>无奈春梦却被莺啼声惊醒。这是化用唐诗“打起黄莺儿,莫教枝上啼。啼时惊妾梦,不得到辽西”之意。上阙是愁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,惜年华,伤HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别,意象集中精炼,而又感人至深,显出密中有疏的特色。
下阙写清明已过,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨已止,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气放晴了。阔别已久的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人,怎么能忘怀!按正常逻辑,因深念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人,故不忍再去平时二人一同HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youshang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游赏之处了,以免触景生悲,睹物HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/siren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思人。但梦窗却用进一层的写法,那就是照样(依旧)去HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youshang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游赏林亭。于是看到“黄蜂频扑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuqian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋千索”,仿佛佳人仍在。“黄蜂”二句是窗梦词中的名句,妙在不从正面写,而是侧面烘托,佳人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好形象凸现出来。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人之情至深,故即不能来,还是痴心望着她来。“日日扫林亭”,就是虽毫无HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望而仍望着她来。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别已久,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuqian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋千索上的香气未必能留,但仍写黄蜂的频扑,这不是在实写。陈洵说:“见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuqian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋千而思纤手,因蜂扑而念香凝,纯是痴望神理。”
结句“双鸳不到”(双鸳是一双乡绣有鸳鸯的鞋子),明写其不再HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅。“幽阶一夜苔生”,语意夸张。不怨伊人不来,而只说“苔生”,可见当时伊人常来此处时,阶上是不会生出青苔来的,此时人去已久,所以青苔滋生,但不说经时而说“一夜,”由此可见二人双栖之时,欢爱异常,仿佛如在昨日。这样的夸张,在事实上并非如此,而在情理上却是真实的。