自春来、惨绿愁红,芳心是事可可。日上花梢,莺穿柳带,犹压香衾卧。暖酥消、腻云亸,终日厌厌倦梳裹。无那。恨薄情一去,音书无个。
早知恁么,悔当初、不把雕鞍锁。向鸡窗,只与蛮笺象管,拘束教吟课。镇相随、莫抛躲,针线闲拈伴伊坐。和我,免使年少,光阴虚过。
这是一首写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱情的词篇,具有鲜明的民间HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风味,是柳永“俚词”中具有代表性的作品。这首词以一个HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇(或妓女)的口吻,抒写她同HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>恋人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别后的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思之情,刻画出一个天真无邪的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇形象。这首描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闺怨的词在宋元时期曾经广为流传,受到普通民众,尤其是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/geji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>歌妓的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>喜爱。到了元代时,关汉卿更是把它写进了描HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xioliu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写柳永与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/geji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>歌妓HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>恋情的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zaju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>杂剧《谢天香》里。
上片,通过艳丽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春光和良辰HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美景来衬托HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂之情。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头三句,写春回大地,万紫千红。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇因此反而增愁添恨。这里暗示出,过去的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuntian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春天她曾与“薄情”者有过一段火热的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>恋情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活。次三句,写红日高照,莺歌燕舞,是难得的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美景良辰,而她却怕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chujingshangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>触景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情,拥衾高卧。接三句,写肌肤消瘦,懒于梳妆打扮。这和《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>诗经.卫HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风·伯兮》“自伯之东,首如飞蓬,岂无膏沐,谁适为容”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神是一致的,表现出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱情的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianzhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坚贞不渝。未三句,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>揭示出这位HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇之所以“倦梳裹”的真正原因:“恨薄情一去,音信无个。”作者在上片用的是一种倒叙手法,不仅总结上片中的三个层次,而且还很HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然地引出下面的内心活动和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的直接抒发。
下片,极写内心的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huihen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悔恨和对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>向往。头三句,点明“悔”字,反映出这位HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huihen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悔恨之情。继之,又用“锁”字与此相衬,烘托出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的真挚、热烈与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xingge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>性格的泼辣。在特别重视功HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>名利禄的封建HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shehui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>社会,一个闺中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇为了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱情而敢于设想把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhangfu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>丈夫“锁”在家里,这无疑是一个大胆的反叛行动。这位HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少妇的举措,可以使人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>联想到《红楼梦》中林黛玉对功HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>名利禄,对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途经济的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pipan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>批判,而且与柳永《鹤冲天》词中所反映的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情也是一脉相通的。中六句是对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>理想中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的设想和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuiqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>追求。他们坐在窗明几净的书房里吟诗作赋,互相HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xuexi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>学习,终日形影不离。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾三句明确责示对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>珍惜和对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/reai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>热爱。
这首词具有浓厚的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/minge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>民歌HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风味。它不仅吸取了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/minge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>民歌的特点,保留了民间词的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风味,而且还具有鲜明的时代特色。作者没有采取传统的比兴手法,也不运用客观的具体形象来HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻和暗示自己HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱情的炽烈与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianzhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坚贞,而是采取HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的直接抒写和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongtan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏叹。词中,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的奔放热烈带有一种赤裸无遗的色彩,明显地具有一种市民性。这是柳永HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活时代都市高度繁荣的客观反映。
从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想上看,这首词明显带有市民意识。这首词的另一特点是语言通俗,口吻HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然,纯用白描,这说明柳永在向民间词HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xuexi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>学习方面获得了巨大的成功。他扩大了“俚词”的创作阵地,丰富了词的内容和词的表现力。以深切的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tongqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>同情,抒写了沦落于HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shehui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>社会下层的歌伎们的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情,反映了她们对幸福HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuiqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>追求与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>向往,以及内心的烦恼与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huihen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悔恨。