鹧鸪天·桂花鉴赏

原文

暗淡轻黄体性柔,情疏迹远只香留。何须浅碧深红色,自是花中第一流。(深红一作:轻)

梅定妒,菊应羞,画阑开处冠中秋。骚人可煞无情思,何事当年不见收。(阑通:栏)

赏析

  HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物诗词一般以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情为主,绝少HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论。李清照的这首咏桂词一反传统,以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论入词,又托物HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuhuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒怀。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物既不乏形象,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论也能充满诗意,堪称别开生面。“暗淡轻黄体性柔,情疏迹远只香留。”短短十四字却形神兼备,写出了桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花的独特HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风韵。上句重在赋“色”,兼及体性;下句重在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yonghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏怀,突出“香”字。据有关记载,桂树HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花白者名银桂,黄者名金桂,红者为丹桂。它常生于高HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山之上,冬夏常青,以同类为林,间无杂树。又HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiutian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋天开HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花者为多,其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花香味浓郁。色黄而冠之以“轻”,再加上“暗淡”二字,说明她不以明亮炫目的光泽和秾艳娇媚的颜色取悦于人。虽色淡光暗,却秉性温雅柔和,像一位恬静的淑女,自有其独特的动人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风韵。令人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aimu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱慕不已。她又HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀疏淡,远迹深HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山,惟将浓郁的芳香常飘人间,犹如一位HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐居的君子,以其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gaoshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>高尚的德行情操,赢得了世人的敬佩。

  首二句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物,以下转入HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论。“何须浅碧深红色,自是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花中第一流。”反映了清照的审美观,她认为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pinge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>品格的美、内的美尤为重要。“何须”二字,把仅以“色”美取胜的群HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花一笔荡开,而推出色淡香浓、迹远品高的桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,大书特书。“自是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花中第一流”为第一层HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论。

  “梅定妒,菊应羞,画栏开处冠HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>中秋。”为第二层HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论。连清照一生酷爱的梅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花“暗淡轻黄体性柔”的桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花面前,也不能不油然而生忌妒之意。而作者颇为称许的菊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花也只能掩面含羞,自叹弗如。接着又从节令上着眼,称桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>中秋时节的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花中之冠。

  “骚人可煞无HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思,何事当年不见收”,为第三层HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuanshuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>传说HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原当年作《离骚》,遍收名HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花珍卉,以喻君子HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiushen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>修身美德,唯独桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花不其列。清照很为桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花抱屈,因而毫不客气地HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/piping/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>批评了这位先贤,说他HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思不足,竟把香冠HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>中秋的桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花给遗漏了,实乃一大HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yihen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遗恨。陈与义在《清平乐·木犀》中说:“楚人未识孤妍,《离骚》HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yihen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遗恨千年。”意思和此词大体上是一致的,皆以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的不收桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花入《离骚》为憾事,以为这是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思不足的缘故。

  李清照的这首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物词HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物而不滞于物。草间或以群HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花作比,或以梅菊陪衬,或评骘HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>古人,从多层次的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论中,形象地展现了她那超尘脱俗的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moixue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美学HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guandian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>观点和对桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花由衷的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zanmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>赞美和崇敬。桂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花貌不出众,色不诱人,但却“暗淡轻黄”、“情疏迹远”而又馥香自芳,这正是词人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pinge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>品格的写照。这首词显示了词人卓尔不群的审美品味,值得用心玩味。

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