乳燕飞华屋。悄无人、桐阴转午,晚凉新浴。手弄生绡白团扇,扇手一时似玉。渐困倚、孤眠清熟。帘外谁来推绣户,枉教人、梦断瑶台曲。又却是,风敲竹。
石榴半吐红巾蹙。待浮花、浪蕊都尽,伴君幽独。秾艳一枝细看取,芳心千重似束。又恐被、秋风惊绿。若待得君来向此,花前对酒不忍触。共粉泪,两簌簌。
这是一首抒写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闺怨的双调词,咏人兼HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物,上片描写在清幽环境中的一位HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人,她高洁绝尘,又十分HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞;下片掉转笔锋,专咏榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,借HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花取喻,时而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花人并列,时而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花人合一。作者赋予词中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人、榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花以孤芳高洁、自伤迟暮的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pinge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>品格和情感,在这两个HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好的意象中渗透进自己的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人格和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情。词中写失时之佳人,托HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>失意之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀;以婉曲缠绵的儿女情肠,寄慷慨郁愤的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世之感。
上片以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuxia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>初夏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物为衬托,写一位孤高绝尘的美丽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nuzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>女子。起调“乳燕飞华屋,悄无人,桐阴转午,”点出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuxia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>初夏季节、过午、时节、环境之幽静。“晚凉新浴”,推出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bangwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>傍晚新凉和出浴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人。“手弄生绡白团扇,扇手一时似玉”,进而工笔描绘HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人“晚凉新浴”之后的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xianya/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲雅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风姿。作者写团扇之白,不只意在衬托HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人的肌肤洁白和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pinzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>品质高洁,而且意在象征HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>命运、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世。自从汉代班婕妤(汉成帝妃,为赵飞燕谮,失宠)作《团扇诗》后,在古代诗人笔下,白团扇常常是红颜薄命,佳人失时的象征。上文已一再渲染“悄无人”的寂静氛围,这里又写“手弄生绡白团扇”,着一“弄”字,便透露出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人内心一种无可奈何的寂聊,接以“扇手一时似玉”,实是暗示“妾身似秋扇”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>命运。
以上写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人心态,主要是用环境烘托、用象征、暗示方式,隐约迷离。以下写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人初因HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂无聊而入梦,继而好梦因HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风摇竹声而被惊断。“渐困倚、孤眠清熟”句,使人感受到佳人处境之幽清和内心的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞。以下数句是说:HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人入梦后,朦胧中仿佛有人掀开珠帘,敲打门窗,不由引起她的一阵兴奋和一种期待。可是从梦中惊醒,却只听到那HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹翠竹的萧萧声,等待她的仍旧是一片HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞。此处化用了唐人李益诗句“开门复动竹,疑是玉人来”的幽清HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境,着重写由梦而醒、由HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>失望的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅惘;“枉教人”、“却又是”,将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情上的波折突现出来了。这几句,如梦似幻,动而愈静,极其婉曲地表现了女主人公的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂。从上片整个构思来看,主要写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人孤眠。写“华屋”,写“晚凉”,写“弄扇”,都是映衬和暗示HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人的空虚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞和叹惋怅恨之情。
下片用秾艳独芳的榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人写照。过片转咏榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花。“石榴半吐红巾蹙”,化用唐人白居易诗“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花似结红巾”(《题孤HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山寺HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山石榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花示诸僧众》)句意形象地写出了榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花的外貌特征,又带有西子含颦的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风韵,耐人寻味。“待浮HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花浪蕊都尽,伴君幽独”,这是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人观HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花引起的感触和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思。此二句既表明榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花开放的季节,又用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>拟人手法写出了它不与桃李争艳、独立于群芳之外的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pinge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>品格。这不与“浮HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花浪蕊”为伍的榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,也即是女主人公的象征。“秾艳一枝细看取”,刻画出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花色的明丽动人。“芳心千重似束”,不仅捕捉住了榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花外形的特征,并再次托喻HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人那颗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianzhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坚贞不渝的芳心,写出了她似若有情、愁心难展的情态。“又恐被秋HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风惊绿”,由HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花及人,油然而生HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人迟暮之感。“若待得君来向此”至HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾,写怀抱迟暮之感的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人与榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花两相HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怜惜,共HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花落簌簌而泪落簌簌。
词的下片借物咏情,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人看HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chujingshangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>触景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨万千,时而观HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,时而怜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花。这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花人合一的手法,产生一种婉曲缠绵、寻味不尽的效果。作者无论是直接写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人,还是通过榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花间接写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人,都紧紧扣住娇HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人失时、失宠这一共同点,而又寄托着词人自身的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaicaibuyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀才不遇之情。
这首词隐约地抒写了作者HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaicaibuyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀才不遇的抑郁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀。苏轼笔下的佳人,大多丰姿绰约,雍容HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xianya/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲雅。无论《洞仙歌·冰肌玉骨》里“冰肌玉骨,自清凉无汗”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花蕊夫人,还是这首词中的出浴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moinu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美女,都能给人一种洁净如玉、一尘不染的美感。从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术上看,上片主要写佳人,但没有正面描写她的姿容,而是先写佳人的扇和执扇的手;下片别开异境,前五句写石榴,后五句佳人与石榴合写,亦HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花亦人,巧妙新颖,和谐HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然。此词之意蕴,冠绝古今,取景清幽,意象清隽,托意高远。