望处雨收云断,凭阑悄悄,目送秋光。晚景萧疏,堪动宋玉悲凉。水风轻,蘋花渐老,月露冷、梧叶飘黄。遣情伤。故人何在,烟水茫茫。
难忘,文期酒会,几孤风月,屡变星霜。海阔山遥,未知何处是潇湘。念双燕、难凭远信,指暮天、空识归航。黯相望。断鸿声里,立尽斜阳。
这首词以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情为主,把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忆旧和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间和空间,融汇为一个浑然的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术整体,具有很强的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术感染力。
“望处HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨收云断”,是写即目所见之景,可以看出远处天边HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风云变幻的痕迹,使清秋之景,显得更加疏朗。“凭阑悄悄”四字,写出了独自倚阑远望时的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yousi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧思。这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀,又落脚到“目送秋光”上。“悄悄”,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧愁的样子。面对向晚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄昏的萧疏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋景,很HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然地会引起HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲秋的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨,想起千古HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲秋之祖的诗人宋玉来。“晚景萧疏,堪动宋玉HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉”,紧接上文,概括了这种感受。宋玉的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲秋HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨,这时都涌向柳永的心头,引起他的共鸣。他将万千的思绪按捺住,将视线由远及近,选取了最能表现HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiutian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋天HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物特征的东西,作精细的描写。“水HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风轻、苹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花渐老,月露冷、梧叶飘黄”两句,似乎是用特写镜头摄下的一幅很有诗意的画面:只见秋HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风轻轻地吹拂着水面,白苹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花渐渐老了,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiutian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋天月寒露冷的时节,梧桐叶变黄了,正一叶叶地轻轻飘下。萧疏衰飒的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋夜,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然使人产生HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄清沉寂之感。“轻”、“冷”二字,正写出了清秋季节的这种感受。“苹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花渐老”,既是写眼前所见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,也寄寓着词人寄迹江湖、华发渐增的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨。“梧叶飘黄”的“黄”字用得好,突出了梧叶飘落的形象。“飘”者有声,“黄”者有色,“飘黄”二字,写得有声有色,“黄”字渲染了气氛,点缀了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋景。作者捕捉了最典型的水HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风、苹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花、月露、梧叶等HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuri/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,用“轻”、“老”、“冷”、“黄”四字烘托,交织成一幅冷清HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂的秋光HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物图,为下文HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情作了充分的铺垫。“遣情伤”一句,由上文的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物描写中来,由景及情,词中是一转折。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物描写之后,词人引出“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人何在,烟水茫茫”两句,既承上启下,又统摄全篇,为全词的主旨。“烟水茫茫”是迷蒙而不可尽见的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色,阔大而浑厚,同时也是因HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人而产生的茫茫然的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情,这里情与景是交织一起的。这几句短促凝重,大笔濡染,声情跌宕,苍莽横绝,为全篇之精华。
换头“难忘”二字唤起HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人之情,波澜起伏,错落有致。词人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆起与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pengyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>朋友一起时的“文期酒会”,那赏心乐事,至今难忘。分离之后,已经物换星移、秋光几度,不知有多少良辰HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美景因无心观赏而白白地过去了。“几孤”,“屡变”,言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别之久,旨加强别后的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅惘。“海阔HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山遥”句,又从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆转到眼前的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念。“潇湘”这里指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人所之地,因不知HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人何,故云“未知何处是潇湘”。
“念双燕、难凭远信,指暮天、空识归航”,写不能与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念中人相见而产生的无可奈何的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。眼前双双飞去的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yanzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>燕子是不能向HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人传递消息的,以寓与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人欲通音讯,无人可托。盼HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人归来,却又一次次的落空,故云“指暮天、空识归航”。这句词HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的深沉、诚挚的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情表现得娓娓入情。看到天际的归舟,疑是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人归来,但到头来却是一场误会,归舟只是空惹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思,好像嘲弄自己的痴情。一个“空”字,把急盼HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人归来的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情写活了。它把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人之情推向了高潮和顶点。词人这里替对方着想,从对方着笔,从而折射出自己长年HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅惘不堪的留滞之情。
“黯相望”以下,笔锋转回自身。词人用断鸿的哀鸣,来衬托自己的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅惘,可谓妙合无垠,声情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄婉。“立尽斜阳”四字,画出了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情主人公的形象,他久久地伫立HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiyang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夕阳残照之中,如呆如痴,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情完全沉浸HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念之中。“立尽”二字言凭栏伫立之久,念远HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人之深,从而使HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅不堪之苦言外自现。
柳永这首词层次分明,结构完整,脉络井然,有效地传达了诗人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的律动。同时修辞上既不雕琢,又不轻率,而是俗中有雅,平中见奇,隽永有味,故能雅俗共赏。