琐窗寒·寒食鉴赏

原文

暗柳啼鸦,单衣伫立,小帘朱户。桐花半亩,静锁一庭愁雨。洒空阶、夜阑未休,故人剪烛西窗语。似楚江暝宿,风灯零乱,少年羁旅。

迟暮。嬉游处。正店舍无烟,禁城百五。旗亭唤酒,付与高阳俦侣。想东园、桃李自春,小唇秀靥今在否。到归时、定有残英,待客携尊俎。

赏析

  这首词抒发的是词人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀,清真工HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅行役之词,人所公认。词作的上片写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/muchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>暮春欲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨之时,由日转夜,从夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨说到话HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,又从话HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨想起昔年楚江暝宿时旅况,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅情味,由外及内使人深思。下片叙写寒食及HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieri/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>节日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡之情。寒食禁烟而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒,人到老年,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事不胜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨。

  “暗柳啼鸦,单衣伫立,小帘朱户”,开首三句即点明HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间和词人彼时所处环境。薄暮时分,柳色渐渐昏暗,乌鸦盘旋聒噪,词人正站在朱户之中,小帘之后凝神沉思。首三句虽为叙写眼前景况,但仍起着渲染气氛的作用。薄暮时分,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气渐暗,群鸦乱啼,单身一人置身其间,词人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chousi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁思、烦乱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情,即已呼之欲出了。此外“暗”与“啼鸦”也有暗示欲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨的作用。“桐HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花半亩,静销一庭愁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨”,这两句词人继续叙写他伫立帘后所见之景,同时景中含情,词人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪已经跃然纸上。这与“梧桐更兼细HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄昏、点点滴滴”(李清照《声声慢》)所描写的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境相似。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄昏时节,再加上绵绵不绝的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境描写虽非清真所首创,却是古典诗词中描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪时最常用的典型环境。这里词人用一“锁”字使得本为抽象无形的情绪形象化,从而突出了词人此时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/choumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁闷难堪的心境。“洒空阶、夜阑未休,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人剪烛西窗语”,这三句是说那滴哒的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声洒落在空寂的台阶上,使得词人心绪更加烦乱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/choumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁闷,直到夜深仍不停息。面对此情此景,词人不禁思绪联翩,想到何时才能与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人相会。这里化用了李商隐《夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨寄北》诗意:“何当共剪西窗烛,却话巴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨时”。词作至此,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪的内含已渐渐明朗、具体化了。歇拍三句:“似楚江暝宿,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风灯零乱,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少年HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅,”这一层词人宕开一笔,由眼前之景转而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>幻想从前,在变幻境界中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gantan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感叹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风灯零乱,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少年HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅,颇有不胜今昔之感。“楚江”,此当指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changjiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长江,李白诗有“天门中断楚江开”,杜甫诗有“楚江巫峡半云HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨。”“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风烛”,此形容HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生短暂,老年人如HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风前之烛。苏轼诗有“过眼百世如HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风灯”,杜甫诗有“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风前春灯乱,江鸿夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨悬”,所绘即此情景。

  下片写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieri/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>节日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡之情。“迟暮。嬉游处,正店舍无烟,禁城百五。”词作由上片末尾的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shaonian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>少年HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅,转入叙写迟暮情景,以前之虚幻,转入眼前之说实;前之遥远回荡,此则转入本题。章法大开大合。因寒食禁烟,故曰“无烟”,“禁城百五”,也是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hanshijie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寒食节。《荆楚岁时记》:“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/dongzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>冬至后一百五日为寒食。”“旗亭唤酒,付与高阳俦侣”,寒食禁烟不禁酒,故可去酒楼HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒。“俦侣”,即伴侣。“高阳”,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/diming/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地名,在河南杞县。《史记》中郦生为高阳酒徒。李白诗有“君不见高阳酒徒起草中,长揖HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山东隆准公”。这句的意思是说,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hanshijie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寒食节中,旗亭HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒取乐之事,还是让高阳酒徒们去吧。这里用的是侧笔,实际上是叙说自己为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chousi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁思所缠绕,没精打采,对玩乐毫无兴趣。“想东园,桃李自春,小唇秀靥今在否”,对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅之愁与思家之情化成了具体的内容,那“东园”此时又是一番桃李争春,明媚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春光,而那给自己留下HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好印象的、人面桃HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花相映红的姑娘,如今是否还在?词人描述得越具体,越真切,说明其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念之情越铭心刻骨。此外,用一“否”字,词人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guanqie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关切之情更显真切。歇拍三句:“到归时,定有残英,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/daike/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>待客携尊俎,”词人归心似箭,未踏归途,心早已设想好HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guijia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>归家时的情景。到那时,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春意犹在,尚有残HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花挂在枝头,自己定要好好地款待自己一番。“客”字,表明词人始终未曾忘记自己的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子身分。

  整首词很巧妙地将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆、设想结合起来,结构天成,含蓄而又细腻,意淡而气厚。周济称赞该词“奇横”(《宋四家词选》),黄蓼园则评:“前阕写宦况HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄清。次阕起处,点清寒食。以下引到思家HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风情旖旎可想”(《蓼园词评》)。品评颇合实际。

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