山一程,水一程,身向榆关那畔行,夜深千帐灯。
风一更,雪一更,聒碎乡心梦不成,故园无此声。
上片“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山一程,水一程”,写出旅程的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiannan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰难曲折,遥远漫长。词人翻HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山越岭,登舟涉水,一程又一程,愈走HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lijia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离家乡愈远。这两句运用反复的修辞方法,将“一程”二字重复使用,突出了路途的漫漫修远。“身向榆关那畔行”,点明了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinglu2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>行旅的方向。词人在这里强调的是“身”向榆关,那也就暗示出“心”向京师,它使我们想到词人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/liulian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>留恋家园,频频回首,步履蹒跚的情况。“那畔”一词颇含疏远的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情色彩,表现了词人这次奉命出行“榆关”是无可奈何的。
这里借描述周围的情况而写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情,实际是表达纳兰对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡的深深HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>依恋和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念。二十几岁的年轻人,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风华正茂,出身于书香豪门世家,又有皇帝贴身侍卫的优越地位,本应春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风得意,却恰好也是因为这重身份,以及本身心思慎微,导致纳兰并不能够安稳享受那种男儿征战似的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活,他往往思及HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家人,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/juanlian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>眷恋故土。严迪昌《清词史》:“夜深千帐灯’是壮丽的,但千帐灯下照着无眠的万颗乡心,又是怎样情味?一暖一寒,两相对照,写尽了自己厌于扈从的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀。”“夜深千帐灯”既是上片HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情酝酿的高潮,也是上、下片之间的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然转换,起到承前启后的作用。经过日间长途跋涉,到了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yewan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夜晚人们在旷野上搭起帐篷准备就寝;然而夜深了,“千帐”内却灯光熠熠,为什么HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅劳顿之后深夜不寐呢?
下片HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风一更,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪一更”描写荒寒的塞外,暴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪彻夜不停。紧承上片,交代了“夜深千帐灯”,深夜不寐的原因。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山一程,水一程”与“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风一更,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪一更”的两相映照,又暗示出词人对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨兼程HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生路的深深HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yanjuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>厌倦的心态。首先HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山长水阔,路途本就漫长而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianxin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰辛,再加上塞上恶劣的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气,就算在阳春三月也是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪交加,凄寒苦楚,这样的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气,这样的境遇,让纳兰对这表面华丽招摇的生涯生出了悠长的慨叹之意和深沉的倦旅疲惫之心。“更”是旧时夜间计时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/danwei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>单位,一夜分为五更。“一更”二字反复出现,突出了塞外席地狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风、铺天暴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪,杂错交替扑打着帐篷的情况。这怎不使词人发出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄婉的怨言:“聒碎乡心梦不成,故园无此声”。夜深人静的时候,是想家的时候,更何况还是这塞上“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风一更,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪一更”的苦寒HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>天气。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪交加夜,一HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家人在一起什么都不怕。可远在塞外宿营,夜深人静,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪弥漫,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情就大不相同。路途遥远,衷肠难诉,辗转反侧,卧不成眠。“聒碎乡心梦不成”与上片“夜深千帐灯”相呼应,直接回答了深夜不寐的原因。结句的“聒”字用得很灵脱,写出了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪骤的气势,表现了词人对狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风暴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪极为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yane/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>厌恶的情感,“聒碎乡心梦不成”的慧心妙语可谓是水到渠成。
从“夜深千帐灯”壮美HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境到“故园无此声”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/woiwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>委婉心地,既是词人亲身HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活经历的生动再现,也是他善于从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活中发现美,并以景入心的表现,满怀心事悄悄跃然纸上。天涯HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅最易引起共鸣的是那“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山一程,水一程”的身泊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>异乡、梦回家园的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境,信手拈来不显雕琢,王国维曾评:“容若词HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然真切。”
这首词以白描手法,朴素HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然的语言,表现出真切的情感,是很为前人称道的。词人在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景中寄寓了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀。格调清淡朴素,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然雅致,直抒胸臆,毫无雕琢痕迹。