资善堂中三十载,旧人多是凋零。与君相见最伤情。一尊如旧,聊且话平生。
此别要知须强饮,雪残风细长亭。待君归觐九重城。帝宸思旧,朝夕奉皇明。
词之起句,或先HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景后HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情,或先HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情后HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景,或情景俱到。盖触景而生情,缘情而后托意,若发端便直叙其事,处理不好往往流于平板呆滞。沈雄在《柳塘词话》中云:“起句言景者多,言情者少,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事者更少。”这是词家一般应遵循的经验之谈。晏殊这首词却一避熟路,起句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事,以逞其妙。“资善堂中三十载,旧人多少凋零。”点明HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/didian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地点“资善堂”,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间“三十载”。“凋零”一词下得切人肺腑,使上句顿增厚意。经过几十年HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,旧人多与草木一样化为尘土,加一“多”字修饰,可见幸存者无几了。“洛阳旧友一时散,十HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nianhui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>年会合无二三”(欧阳修《圣俞会饮》)十年尚且如此,三十年也肯定是如此。今日与君相见真属意外,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲伤。这意义丰富,它曲折地告诉读者,“最”字,含平日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情之事很多,而在众多的伤心事之中以“与君相见”为“最”了。表明词人与旧友的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情之深、相见之难了,为相别作为铺垫。“一尊如旧”承,’旧人多是凋零”而发,人变而物如旧,以不变之物突出凋零多变之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生。当然,阔别数十载,一旦相见,当有说不完叙不尽的心酸事,但“聊且话平生”,话未出口即戛然而正,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途不顺,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kunan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦难太多而难以倾吐,还是相见日浅所叙不多,多少难以直陈的隐曲尽在这不言之中。
下片以一“别”字承接上文,又领起下文,乃这首词主眼,它把上下片连锁在一起,点明词人与旧友的相会,既是相见,又是相别。“相见时难别亦难”。历经三十载而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相遇,可见相见之难,故而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别之尤觉之不易,相会已属罕逢,而相见即相别,更觉别之难舍难分。此时此刻,欲饮而不能饮,欲醉而不能醉,满腔HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨尽倾于“强饮”之中。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪残HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风细长亭”,得力处突入一景语,使旧友HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongfeng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>重逢的凄黯HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心理因HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物的烘托而愈见突出。残HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪寒HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风,长亭HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别,更添HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉之气,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/didian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地点、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物巧妙地结合,起到了景语皆情语的妙用。最后三句,从未别写到再相逢于京城,是词人对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pengyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>朋友的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kuanwei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宽慰之词。实际上,是“归魏”还是“凋零”完全取决于皇帝,皇帝思旧则可以留京,反之则如何,其结局是不言而明的。晏殊虽称太平宰相富贵词人,也曾多次被贬职离京,屡见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>迁徙。因此对旧友的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kanke/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坎坷HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途深表HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tongqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>同情,同时,也流礴出对朝廷的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满,这在词人的词作中实是少有。