楚宫鉴赏

原文

湘波如泪色漻漻,楚厉迷魂逐恨遥。

枫树夜猿愁自断,女萝山鬼语相邀。

空归腐败犹难复,更困腥臊岂易招?

但使故乡三户在,彩丝谁惜惧长蛟。

赏析

  这首诗不同于其他HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pingdiao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凭吊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的诗文,它并未从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的人品才能和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhengzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>政治上的不幸HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zaoyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遭遇着笔,通篇自始至终紧紧围绕住HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的“迷魂”来写:首联写迷魂逐波而去,含恨无穷;颔联写迷魂长夜无依,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉无限;颈联叹迷魂之不易招;末联赞迷魂终有慰藉。这样围绕迷魂来构思,内容集中,从各个方面,各个角度,反复书写,从而使诗具有回环唱叹之致。

  诗的前四句是以景写情。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原忠而见疑,沉湘殉国,此诗亦即从眼前所见之湘江落笔。“湘波如泪色漻漻,楚厉迷魂逐恨遥”。对着湘江,想起HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的不幸HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zaoyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遭遇,诗人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/daonian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悼念不已。在诗人的眼中,清深的湘波,全都是泪水汇成。这“泪”有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧国HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youmin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧民之泪,有后人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/daonian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悼念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原之泪,也有诗人此时的伤心之泪。湘江流淌着不尽的泪水,也在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aidao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀悼HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原。而在这如泪的湘波之中,诗人仿佛看到了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的迷魂。“逐恨遥”写迷魂含着满腔HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beifen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲愤,随波远去,湘江流水无穷尽之时,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原迷魂亦终古追逐不已,其恨亦千秋万代永无绝期。“恨”字和“泪”字,融入诗人的强烈HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情,既是对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beitong/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲痛HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aidao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀悼,也是对造成HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲剧的楚国统治者的强烈HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qianze/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>谴责。

  颔联又从湘江岸上的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物再加烘托。这联化用《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuci/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>楚辞·招魂》、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原《九歌·HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山鬼》语句。“枫树夜猿”,是说经霜的枫树和哀鸣的愁猿,构成一幅凄楚的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiuye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋夜图。“愁”既是猿愁,也是迷魂之愁,而猿愁又更加重迷魂之愁。下句的“女萝HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山鬼”即以女萝为带的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山鬼。“语相邀”既指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山鬼间互相呼唤,同时也指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山鬼们呼唤HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的迷魂,境界阴森。长夜漫漫,枫影阴森,迷魂无依,唯夜猿HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山鬼为伴。此联景象凄迷,悲情如海,读之使人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨欲绝。

  下面四句似议似叹,亦议亦叹,抒发诗人内心的慨叹。五、六两句是说:即使HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原死后埋在地下,其尸也会归于腐败,魂也难以招回;何况是沉江而死,葬身于腥臊的鱼虾龟鳖之中,他的迷魂就更难招回了。以上三联,都是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beitan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲叹,末联情调一变,由凄楚婉转变为激越高昂,以热情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gesong/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>歌颂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的忠魂作结。这一联糅合了《史记·项羽本纪》“楚虽三户,亡秦必楚”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/diangu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>典故和《续齐谐记》楚人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jisi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>祭祀HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuanshuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>传说。意思是说:只要楚人不灭绝,他们就一定会用彩丝棕箬包扎HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>食物来HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jisi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>祭祀HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renmin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人民永远HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念这位伟大诗人。

  这首诗化用《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuci/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>楚辞》和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>屈原作品中的词语和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境入诗,而不着痕迹,读来语如己出,别具HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风采;全诗以景托情,以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gantan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感叹为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论,使全诗始终充满了浓郁的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情气氛;内容上反复HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongtan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏叹使此诗“微婉顿挫,使人荡气回肠”(清翁方纲《石洲诗话》评李商隐诗语),感人至深。

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