寒日萧萧上琐窗,梧桐应恨夜来霜。酒阑更喜团茶苦,梦断偏宜瑞脑香。
秋已尽,日犹长,仲宣怀远更凄凉。不如随分尊前醉,莫负东篱菊蕊黄。
这首词写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋景,寄HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁,是一首典型的易安晚期作品。通篇从醉酒写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁,悲慨有致,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄婉情深。此词HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头两句写寒日梧桐,透出无限HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉。“萧萧”这里是萧条、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞之意。“琐窗”是雕有连琐图案的窗棂。“上”字写出寒日渐渐升高,光线慢慢爬上窗棂,含着一个HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间的过程,表明作者久久地观看着日影,见出她的百无聊赖。梧桐早凋,入秋即落叶,“恨霜”即恨霜落其叶。草木本无知,所以,梧桐之恨,实为人之恨。从而借景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情,绘出了作者的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiliao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寥。因为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情不好,只好借酒排遣,饮多而醉,不禁沉睡,醒来唯觉瑞胸熏香,沁人心脾。三、四两句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别着一“喜”字“宜”字,似乎写欢乐,实际它不是写喜而是写悲。“酒阑”谓HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒结束的时候。“团茶”即茶饼,宋代有为进贡而特制的龙团、凤团,印有龙凤纹,最为名贵。茶能解酒;特喜苦茶,说明酒饮得特别多;酒饮得多,表明愁重。“瑞胸”,熏香名,又名龙脑,以龙脑木蒸馏而成。“宜”表面似乎是说香气宜人,实则同首句的寒日一样,是借香写环境之清寂,因为只有清冷寂静的环境中,熏香的香气才更易散发,因而变得更深更浓,更能使人明显感觉到。
上片HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事,主写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒之实“秋已尽,日犹长”写作者个人对秋的感受。“仲宣”句用典,以王粲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情自况。王粲,字仲宣,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山阳高平(今HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山东邹县)人,十七岁时因避HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhanluan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>战乱,南至荆州依刘表,不受重视,曾登湖北当阳县城楼,写了著名的《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/denglou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>登楼赋》,抒发HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuangzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>壮志未酬、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀乡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sigui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思归的抑郁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。这两句透露出词人孤身HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/piaobo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>漂泊,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sigui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思归不得的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youyuan2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>幽怨之情。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>深秋本来使人感到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄清,加以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡之苦,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然更加HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉。“犹”、“更”这两个虚词,一写主观错觉,一写内心实感,都是加重描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁。结句是为超脱语。时当HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>深秋,篱外丛菊盛开,金色的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花瓣光彩夺目,使她不禁想起晋代诗人陶潜“采菊东篱下,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悠然见南HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山”的诗句,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziwo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自我宽解起来:HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guijia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>归家既是空想,不如对着尊中美酒,随意痛饮,莫辜负了这篱菊笑傲的秋光。“随分”犹云随便、随意。下片写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒之因,是对上片醉酒的说明:本来是以酒浇愁,却又故作达观之想,而表面上的达观,实际隐含着无限HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁。李清照的这首词是其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wannian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>晚年流寓越中所作,词中表露的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁因和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故国沦丧,流离失所的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲苦结合起来,其中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youfen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧愤更深。