水调歌头·赋三门津鉴赏

原文

黄河九天上,人鬼瞰重关。长风怒卷高浪,飞洒日光寒。峻似吕梁千仞,壮似钱塘八月,直下洗尘寰。万象入横溃,依旧一峰闲。

仰危巢,双鹄过,杳难攀。人间此险何用,万古袐神奸。不用燃犀下照,未必佽飞强射,有力障狂澜。唤取骑鲸客,挝鼓过银山。

赏析

  这首词与同词牌的《水调歌头·游龙门》相似,都是写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youlan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游览河HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山,抒发HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀之作。此词气势更足,景观更奇。三门津是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河中十分险要的地段,河面分人门、鬼门、神门,水湍浪急,仅容一船通过。中有砥柱,即被称为中流砥柱的砥柱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山。三门峡所在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山奇水急,呈现一幅波浪HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马远静听松HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风图奔涌,气势磅砣的景象。

  上片写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河的气势,写中流砥柱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youxian2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悠闲。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河九天上”后两句,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河之长、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河之险。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河九天上”似与李白“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河之水天上来”HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境相同。而“下鬼瞰重关”则写明HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河之险,人鬼难过。“长HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风”后五句,以粗线条勾勒出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河怒浪滔天,浪HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花四射的逼人气势。又以吕梁悬水千仞和钱塘八月怒潮形象具体地描绘出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河水浪之高,高过HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山仞,水浪之急,可比钱塘怒潮。高险,壮观,形神俱备。“万象”后两句,更塑造尽管HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河水大浪急,但仍旧在砥柱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山面前变得渺小。“一峰闲”侧面烘托了砥柱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山傲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风浪,挺天地的伟姿,也暗示出作者不惧艰险,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/leguan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐观HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huoda/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豁达的气质和不凡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/baofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抱负。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情,浑然一体。

  下片更是以古典旧事,表达了词人昂扬奋发HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>积极向上的斗志。“仰宛巢”三句,反用苏轼《后赤壁赋》“攀栖鹃之危巢”句意,写砥柱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山之高峻艰险。“人间”后二句,又用《左传》中“神奸”之典。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuanshuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>传说中夏禹将百物之形铸于鼎上,“使民知神、奸”,由此辨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenxian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>神仙和奸佞的模样。这样的险处有何用呢?原来是考验人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/difang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地方。“不用”后三句又用二典,一是东晋温峤在朱渚矶下“燃犀”看水下HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美景。二是写春秋楚国勇士佽飞仗剑入江杀两蛟的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故事。以上几个方面,把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huanghe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>黄河三门峡的险、恶写得活灵活现。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾两句“唤取”等,引用李白塑造的骑鲸客的形象,表现词人那不可抑制的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haoqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuangzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>壮志。

  此词用典较多,也不显含混难懂,典典都扣中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuti/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>主题。从谋篇布局来说,也上下呼应,环环相扣,气势作足。故叶燮《原诗》中称曰:“舒写胸臆,发挥HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,境皆独得,意自天成。”

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