临江仙·送钱穆父鉴赏

原文

一别都门三改火,天涯踏尽红尘。依然一笑作春温。无波真古井,有节是秋筠。

惆怅孤帆连夜发,送行淡月微云。尊前不用翠眉颦。人生如逆旅,我亦是行人。(尊通:樽)

赏析

  这首词是公元1091年(宋哲宗元祐六年)春苏轼知杭州时,为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别自越州(今浙江绍兴)北徙途经杭州的老友钱穆父(名勰)而作。全词一改以往HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗词缠绵HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁苦或慷慨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉的格调,创新意于法度之中,寄妙理于HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haofang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪放之外,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风生,直抒性情,写得既有情韵,又富理趣,充分体现了作者HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kuangda/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旷达洒脱的个性HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风貌。词人对老友的眷眷HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xibie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜别之情,写得深沉细腻,婉转回互,一波三折,动人心弦。

  词的上片写与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人久别HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongfeng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>重逢。元祐初年,苏轼朝为起居舍人,钱穆父为中书舍人,气类相善,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友谊甚笃。元祐三年穆父出知越州,都门帐饮时,苏轼曾赋诗HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zengbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>赠别。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/suiyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>岁月如流,此次杭州重聚,已是别后的第三个年头了。三年来,穆父奔走于京城、吴越之间,此次又远赴瀛州,真可谓“天涯踏尽红尘”。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别虽久,可情谊弥坚,相见欢笑,犹如春日之和煦。更为可喜的是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人与自己都能以道自守,保持耿介HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风节,借用白居易《赠元稹》诗句来说,即“无波古井水,有节秋竹竿”。作者认为,穆父出守越州,同自己一样,是由于朝好HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论政事,为言官所攻。

  以上数句,先从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间着笔,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆前番HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别,再就空间落墨,概述仕宦生涯,接下来抒发作者对仕宦HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>失意、久处逆境所持的达观HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taidu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>态度,并用对偶连喻的句式,通过对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人纯一道心、保持名节的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zansong/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>赞颂,表明了自己HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/danbo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>淡泊的心境和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianzhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坚贞的操守。词的上片既是对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人辅君HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhiguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>治国、坚持操守的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/anwei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>安慰和支持,也是词人半生经历、松柏节操的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziwo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自我写照,是词人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zimian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自勉自励,寓有强烈的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世之感。明写主,暗寓客;以主慰客,客与主同,表现出作者与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人肝胆相照,志同道合。

  词的下片切入正题,写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yueye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月夜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅孤帆连夜发,送行淡月微云”一句,描绘出一种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄清幽冷的氛围,渲染了作者与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别时抑郁无欢的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。

  “樽前不用翠眉颦”一句,由HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀愁转为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kuangda/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旷达、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haomai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪迈,说离宴中歌舞相伴的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/geji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>歌妓用不着为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离愁别恨而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨。这一句,其用意一是不要增加行者与送者临歧的悲感,二是世间HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别本也是常事,则亦不用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀愁。这二者似乎有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/maodun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>矛盾,实则可以统一强抑悲怀、勉为达观这一点上,这符合苏轼宦途多故之后锻炼出来的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xingge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>性格。词末二句言何必为暂时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情,其实HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如寄,李白《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春夜宴从弟桃HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花园序》云:“夫天地者,万物之逆旅也,光阴者,百代之过客也。”既然人人都是天地间的过客,又何必计较眼前聚散和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南江北呢?词的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾,以对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/weimian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>慰勉和开释HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xionghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>胸怀总收全词,既动之以情,又HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>揭示出得失两忘、万物齐一的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taidu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>态度。

  苏轼一生虽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>积极入世,具有鲜明的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhengzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>政治HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>理想和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhengzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>政治主张,但另一方面又受老庄及佛家HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想影响颇深,每当官场HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>失意、处境HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiannan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰难时,他总能“游于物之外”,“无所往而不乐”,以一种恬淡自安、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xianya/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲雅自适的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taidu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>态度来应对外界的纷纷扰扰,表现出超然物外、随遇而安的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kuangda/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旷达、洒脱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀。这首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别词中的“一笑作春温”、“樽前不用翠眉颦。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如逆旅,我亦是行人”等句,是苏轼这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haofang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪放HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xingge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>性格、达观HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taidu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>态度的集中体现。然而在这些HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kuangda/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旷达之语的背后,仍能体察出词人对仕宦浮沉的淡淡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅,以及对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世飘零的深沉慨叹。

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