逢君说行迈,倚剑别交亲。
幕府为才子,将军作主人。
近关多雨雪,出塞有风尘。
长策须当用,男儿莫顾身。
送HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人赴边,这是高适HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞诗中常见题材。这篇作品以极朴素的语言、极深厚的情谊,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/weimian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>慰勉HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人莫辞HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lutu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旅途HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianxin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰辛,施展才略,立功边关。
诗的首联点出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人即将远行。“倚剑”二字是关键字眼,它不仅使“行迈”、“别交情”既悲且壮,而且暗示了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的身分是从戎,交待了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人行迈辞亲的原因是御边。“行迈”,已可见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lutu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旅途遥远;辞亲,更不免心中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/juanlian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>眷恋,然而用“倚剑”二字,不仅点出此行为投身戎旅,而且使辞亲远行带上慷慨之气。
次联写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人赴边作判官,供职幕府,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将军以主人身份盛待才子。这两句承接首联,预言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人此次赴边,可充分发挥出自己的文才,必受主将的赏识,而得真诚接待。如诗人在《别冯判官》一诗中所写道的:“才子方为客,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将军正渴贤,遥知幕府下,书记日翩翩。”董判官以才子之能,投奔渴贤之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将军,必以其翩翩之姿,得意于HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangjun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>将军幕府。诗人在预祝之中,流露出一股羡慕之情。这是诗人对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人赴边后的设想,也是对董判官的赞誉和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/weimian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>慰勉。
颈联仍承上两句设想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人赴边途中的情景。先“近关”,再“出塞”,紧扣“行迈”,具体写出路途遥远;“多HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪”,“有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风尘”,遥领末句,如实描绘HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞苦寒。可见HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lutu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旅途之苦辛。诗人多次出塞,对边地苦寒有切身体验,曾不止一次在诗中提到。如“关HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山唯一道,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪近三边”(《别冯判官》),如“莫言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关塞极,云HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪尚漫漫”(《使青夷军入居庸三首》),如“北使径大寒,关HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山饶苦辛”(《答侯少府》)等等。因而“近关多HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪,出塞有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风尘”两句并非夸张之笔,不过是实写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关塞HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,从而逼出诗的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾两句:“长策须当用,男儿莫顾身”。
尾联HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mianli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>勉励HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人莫畏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianxin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰辛,要经得住HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风尘之苦,为保卫边防贡献良策,为祖国立功奋不顾身。莫顾一身,施展长策,立功边陲,是一种先抑后扬的笔法,使诗歌顿生波澜。“男儿莫顾身”是对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/weimian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>慰勉,但也反映了诗人自己立功HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biansai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>边塞的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuanwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愿望和为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guoshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>国事献身的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神,以高昂的情调回答HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头“行迈”的问题,结束全诗,使作品显得气势流畅,格调雄健,毫无一般HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗的儿女HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别之态。
首联实写眼前,稍露惆张;次联预言今后,情调陡转;三联写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lutu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旅途情况,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄苦不堪;尾联劝HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人立功,文势高扬。全诗先扬后抑,跌宕有致,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiongjin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>胸襟HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/baofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抱负,令人钦佩。