重阳独酌杯中酒,抱病起登江上台。
竹叶于人既无分,菊花从此不须开。
殊方日落玄猿哭,旧国霜前白雁来。
弟妹萧条各何在,干戈衰谢两相催!
此诗是大历二年(767)重九日杜甫在夔州HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/denggao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>登高之作。诗人联系两年来客寓夔州的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实,抒写自己九月九日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongyang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>重阳HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/denggao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>登高的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想境界和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术造诣,都远在一般HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/denggao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>登高篇什之上。
首联表现了诗人浓烈的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活情趣。诗人在客中,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhongyang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>重阳到来,一时兴致勃发,抱病登台,独酌杯酒,欣赏九秋佳色。诗人酷好HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/reai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>热爱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的情态,便在诗行中活现。
颔联诗笔顿转。重九HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒赏菊,本是古代高士的传统,可是诗人因病戒酒,虽“抱病”登台,却“无分”HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒,遂也无心赏菊。于是诗人向菊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花发号施令起来:“菊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花从此不须开”!这一带着较强烈主观情绪的诗句,妙趣神来,好像有些任性,恰好证明诗人既喜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒,又爱赏菊。而诗人的任性使气,显然是他HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiannan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰难HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kunku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>困苦的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zaoyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遭遇使然。这一联,杜甫巧妙地使用借对(亦即沈德潜所谓“真假对”),借“竹叶青”酒的“竹叶”二字与“菊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花”相对,“萧散不为绳墨所窘”(《诗人玉屑》),被称为杜律的创格。菊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花虽是实景,“竹叶”却非真物,然而由于字面工整贴切,特别显得新鲜别致,全联遂成为历来传诵的名句。
颈联进一步HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xioshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写诗人瞩目遐思,因景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情,牵动了万千HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪。诗人独身HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/piaobo2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>飘泊异地,日落时分听到一声声黑猿的啼哭,不免泪下沾裳。霜天秋晚,白雁南来,更容易触发诗人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/siqin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思亲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀乡的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情。诗中用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>他乡和故园的物候作对照,很HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然地透露了诗人内心的隐秘:原来他对酒停杯,对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花辍赏,并不只是由于病肺,更是因为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁撩人啊!
尾联以佳节HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/siqin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思亲作结,遥怜弟妹,寄托飘零寥落之感。上句由雁来想起了弟妹音信茫然;下句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aitan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀叹自己身遭HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhanluan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>战乱,衰老多病。诗人一边诅咒“干戈”象逼命似的接连发生,一边HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wanxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惋惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/suiyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>岁月不停地催人走向死亡,对造成HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲剧的根源──“干戈”,发泄出更多的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满情绪。这正是诗人伤时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧国的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的直接流露。
此诗由因病戒酒,对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花发慨,黑猿哀啼,白雁南来,引出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡,忆想弟妹的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinghuai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情怀,进而表现遭逢HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhanluan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>战乱,衰老催人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾将诗的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuti/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>主题升华:诗人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/denggao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>登高,不仅仅是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/siqin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思亲,更多的是伤时,正所谓“杜陵有句皆HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧国”。此诗全篇皆对,语言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然流转,苍劲有力,既有气势,更见性情。句句讲诗律却不着痕迹,很象在写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sanwen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>散文;直接发HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yilun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>议论而结合形象,毫不感到枯燥。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事又能与诗人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yousi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧思关合很紧。笔端蓄聚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情,主人公呼之欲出,颇能显示出杜甫夔州时期七律诗的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beizhuang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲壮HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格。