陆浑山庄

　　宋之问这首《陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄》诗，是他前期的作品。

　　他在《自洪府舟行直书其事》中写道：“揆己HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/daode/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>道德余，幼闻虚白旨。贵身贱外物，抗迹远尘轨。朝游伊水湄，夕卧箕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山趾。妙年拙自晦，皎洁弄文史。谬辱紫泥书，挥翰青云里。事往每增伤，宠来常誓止。铭骨怀报称，逆鳞让金紫。安位衅潜搆，退耕祸犹起。栖岩实吾策，触藩诚内耻。”虽然他一生混迹于官场，在宦海中几经沉浮都没有痛下决心，绝尘HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guiyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>归隐，但他爱好HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanshui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山水之心却是真挚的。他在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安附近有蓝田辋川别业（后为王维所居），在东都洛阳附近有陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄。他在《蓝田HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄》诗中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zibai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自白说：“宦游非吏隐，心事好幽偏。”有时这别业、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄也是他宦海中的避HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风港。或许正因为他饱经HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途沧桑，饱尝世事无常，才更HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寄情于HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanshui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山水之间。他在这些HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/difang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地方短暂的“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐逸”HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活期间，写下了一些HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tianyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>田园HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanshui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山水诗。《陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄》是其中最出名的一篇。

　　首联HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情，“归来物外情，负杖阅岩耕”，是说一回到陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山就仿佛到了世外桃源，因此诱发了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tuiyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>退隐躬耕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山林的念头。这HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xushi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叙事HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情中亦含有景致，侧面说明了陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山的清幽超尘，是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐逸的好去处。颔联主要描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色，“源水看HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花入，幽林采药行”，上句是说顺着溪流欣赏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花不知不觉地来到了源头；下句是说采摘药草寻寻觅觅竟走进了云林深处。这两句诗连用了“看”“入”“采”“行”四个动词，在动态中写静景，意象活泼而有生气。既写出了烂漫HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花、苍翠林色的诱人，也表现了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youxian2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悠闲的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。颈联主要是表现HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山林的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风情，“野人相问姓，HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟自呼名”，上句写农夫对来客热情招呼，询问姓名。下句与上是工对，化用。苏东坡《海外》诗：“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花曾识面香仍好，HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟不知名声自呼。”据《古今注》的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jioshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>解释：“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nanfang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>南方有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟名鹧鸪，其名自呼，向日而飞。”鹧鸪HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟也咕咕咕咕地向来客HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziwo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自我介绍名字。深深HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山泉，幽幽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山林，烂漫HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花，奇草珍药，友好的农人，好客的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟，清幽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山景，不是宦海中所能寻觅得到的。尾联起句“去去”叠用，表现出急迫的情绪，去求寻独善吾身的快乐。结句没有正面写宦海HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风波之苦，而只是说自己无才德，愧对明时。实际上是以古之君子自居，HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/woiwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>委婉地透露出隐退HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山林之意。《载洒园诗话》评这联诗说：“虽违心之言，却辞理兼至。”

　　这首《陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄》诗，历代诗评家的评价都很高，认为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然、高古，可与一些大家的名篇相提并论。如《葚原诗话》说：“诗以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然为上，工巧次之。工巧之至，始入HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然；HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然之妙，无须工巧。五言如孟浩然《过HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人居》，王维《终南别业》，又《喜祖三至留宿》，李白《送HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人》，又《牛渚HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaigu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀古》，常建《题破HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山寺禅院》，宋之问《陆浑HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山庄》，此皆不事工巧极HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然者也。”《小清华园诗谈》举例谈“何为高？曰《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gushishijiushou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>古诗十九首》尚矣，其次则陈思之《白HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马》七篇，彭泽之《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒》六首，左太冲之《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏史》，颜延年之《王君》，亦皆邈不可追者。近体则宋员外之‘去去独吾乐，无能愧此生。’王右丞之‘HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wannian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>晚年惟好静，万事不HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guanxin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关心。君问穷通理，渔歌入浦深。’是也。”以上所说的“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然”，包括HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然朴实的语言、平易晓畅的表现形式所创造出的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然空灵的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境。“高”，指的是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐逸的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想情调。他取材、用词、造句、造境，都有独到之处，所取事物有典型性，所用词语富于表现力，既能融情与景，又能景中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情。景与情会，杜甫曾借用过这首诗的第三联。“野人相问姓，HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>鸟自呼名”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美，极尽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山色HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风情之妙趣，具有不朽的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shengming/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生命力。