院中独坐鉴赏

原文

何处它年寄此生,山中江上总关情。

无端绕屋长松树,尽把风声作雨声。

赏析

  元代人虞集生长于HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南,但仕宦生涯又使得他不得不留在北方的大都(今北京)。他在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wannian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>晚年曾屡次请求回到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nanfang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>南方,但终不获允许,乡关之思由此而愈加浓烈。此诗正反映他的这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁和苦楚的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心理。

  “何处它年寄此生”,来自于诗人凄楚的内心深处。他在经历了难熬的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gongting/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫廷生计,又久羁京师不得南归之后,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然便产生了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如寄的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉念头。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如寄、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如梦及HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如戏的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想都源自佛教,反映的是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生的虚幻不真,认为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生不过是暂时寄寓于世界上的空皮囊而已。虞集的发问并非懵懂,而是十分清醒的明知故问,这种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生如寄的观念已深深扎根于他的心上,所以他做官虽然官至翰林院学士、国子祭酒也坚决地要求回归HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家乡。

  “HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山中江上总关情”,指的是哪怕是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐居HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山中或是浪迹江湖寄此余生,都不能忘却魂牵梦绕的乡关之情。当然,这“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山中江上”也代指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南的青HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山绿水,在那里有杂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花生树,草长莺飞,画舟横笛,酒旗招摇,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiaxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家乡的一草一木总让诗人牵挂着哩。“总关情”指的是无时不刻都在关注,乡关之思的落脚点总是倾注在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南故土之上。“无端绕屋长HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songshu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>松树,尽把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风声作HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声”,传达的是诗人那种无法排遣的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁。诗人在院中独坐而思、而愁,竟然会埋怨起那绕屋而长的高高HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songshu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>松树身上来了。绕屋的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songshu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>松树长而高,表明诗人居京师此屋已多年了,树犹如此,人何以堪,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/suiyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>岁月的流逝更加重诗人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡思的凝重。不仅如此,这HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songshu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>松树又毫无理由的总是迎HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风发声,诗人每每听来仿佛又回到了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声里。“尽把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风声作HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声”的不是松,而是诗人的内心错觉,这种错觉恰恰真切地反映出了诗人愁情的深植与难以驱除。诗人不仅对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南的江HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物关情,即使是北方的草木入眼入耳作声都会使他HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>联想到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南的江涛HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声。可见诗人的乡关之思已使他进入痴迷的状态,成了他的心病。“尽把HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风声作HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声”也是诗人的愤激之语,独坐而思又难解HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangchou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乡愁之时,就连呜咽的松HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风也被牵连进来,成为诗人的怪罪对象。

  诗题为《院中独坐》,含有深刻的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞的意思,他的这种乡关之思实际上是在内心深处所藏的家国意识,故借院中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songshu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>松树来宣泄心中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满。大诗人李白有《独坐敬亭HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山》一诗,是借孤云寄托自己的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独,虞集《院中独坐》亦从松HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风中找到寄托的对象,并从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风声的倾听中听出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chunyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨的消息,其内心的痛楚也超越他个人内心的疆域成为世人可以共鸣的故土家园意识,从而传达出“独坐”的神髓。

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