赏牡丹鉴赏

原文

此花名价别,开艳益皇都。

香遍苓菱死,红烧踯躅枯。

软光笼细脉,妖色暖鲜肤。

满蕊攒黄粉,含棱缕绛苏。

好和薰御服,堪画入宫图。

晚态愁新妇,残妆望病夫。

教人知个数,留客赏斯须。

一夜轻风起,千金买亦无。

赏析

  中唐时期HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹诗佳篇迭出,王建此篇不写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹一时之态,而是从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之贵写到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之美,再写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹凋零,用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化的角度去赏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹,道尽惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之情。

  诗作开篇言HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之贵,“名价别”三字直接道出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的尊贵凌驾于诸HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花之上。随后作者用一个益字,生动的描写了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安城内HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花开的盛况,诺大的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安城处处是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹盛开,那繁盛的景象就好似要溢出来一般。此“益”引申为“满”,如同韩昌黎“绝色烟柳满皇都”,两诗皆非单讲数量之多,而是从更深层的去讲,韩诗更多的是写春满HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安,而王建此句是讲HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的气质HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风采HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风靡了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安。用笔夸张大胆,用字生动准确,令人深切感受到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之盛。

  后句用反衬的写法进一步说HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之美,苓蔆是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuanshuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>传说中的香草,却被HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花香比的羞愧欲死;HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山踯躅是颜色红艳的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,遇到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的艳色却显得黯然失色几如枯萎。这样的描写下,即使没见过HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的人也能感受到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹超绝的鲜艳和芳香。紧接着,作者描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的气韵。枝干为柔光所笼,而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花朵被妖艳的色彩晕染了娇嫩的肌肤。前句描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹纤细的枝干姿态和气质,后句则以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moinu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美女嫩肤为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花朵的质感,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别从不同角度生动描述HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花的娇美。随后,作者用大量HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻,描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花的细节。用金粉来比HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花的黄蕊,而满字也生动的写出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花蕊之繁;用缕缕红流苏来比HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹翻卷的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花瓣,写出了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花瓣色泽和形态。“好和”句,以衬托笔法写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之贵。香气可以熏染御衣,姿态可以描画入宫图,都是用皇家所用来衬托HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹气质的高贵。

  随后作者突然笔锋一转,开始写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的晚态和凋零,用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀愁的新妇,望着病夫的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nuzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>女子,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的将谢和凋零。用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/niren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>拟人的笔法,写出了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的晚态,惹人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怜惜。从写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之盛到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之贵再到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹之美转而写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹将谢,再写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹凋零,作者一步步引导大家从赞叹到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>喜爱再到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怜惜。这时作者发出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨,请大家HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhenxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>珍惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花时,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/keren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>客人能多赏一会儿就多赏一会儿吧。这时的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨已经是水到渠成,通过前面的描写,读者此时对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怜惜应也感同身受,仿佛作者是道出了我们心中之所想。

  最末,作者用一夜清HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风起,千金买亦无,道出了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花时难久的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅然。开篇之盛艳,末尾之冷清,强烈的对比让末尾仿佛一副大留白的画卷,意味深长,耐人寻味。清HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹过,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花亦凋零,这其中是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bushe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不舍,是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怜惜,是冷清,种种情感由人品读。

  借凋零写惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花非王建独有,白居易就有《惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花》开一时之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风气:“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅阶前红HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹,晚来唯有两枝残。明朝HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风起应吹尽,夜惜衰红把火看。”此后李商隐的效仿作《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花下醉》:“客散酒醒深夜后,更持红烛赏残HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花。”苏轼亦作:“只恐夜深HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花睡去,故烧高烛照红妆。”而尽管王建的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹诗同样是写凋零写惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,却是从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花开写到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花落,借对情感的把握的细致入微,用精心的铺垫将读者引入到那种HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅然若失的情景当中。诗作描写过渡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wanxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惋惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅然之情水到渠成。王建的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹诗从单纯的赏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹落笔,惜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹入情,不寄托HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhengzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>政治HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/baofu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抱负个人得失,就是写一个“赏”字,且赏出了独特的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格,乃唐代赏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>牡丹诗作中别具一格的作品。

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