翦红情,裁绿意,花信上钗股。残日东风,不放岁华去。有人添烛西窗,不眠侵晓,笑声转、新年莺语。
旧尊俎。玉纤曾擘黄柑,柔香系幽素。归梦湖边,还迷镜中路。可怜千点吴霜,寒销不尽,又相对、落梅如雨。
“每逢佳节倍HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/siqin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思亲”,这是人之常情。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>除夕,恰恰又逢立春,浪迹HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>异乡的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游子,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情之难堪,正是“一年将尽夜,万里未归人”。这首词上片极为烘托HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieri/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>节日的欢乐气氛,从而反衬自己的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄苦。
先写立春。“剪红情,裁绿意,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花信上钗股。”“红情”、“绿意”指红HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花、绿叶。赵彦昭《奉和对圣制立春日侍宴内殿出剪彩HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yingzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>应制》诗:“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花随红意发,叶就绿情新”。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花信,指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花信HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风,应HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花期而来的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风。立春,人们剪好红HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花绿叶,作成春幡,插鬓戴发,以应时令。春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹钗股,象是吹开了满头HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花朵。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花信上钗股”,着一“上”字,运笔细腻,可与温飞卿词“玉钗头上HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风”(《菩萨蛮》)媲美,似比辛稼轩词“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人头上,袅袅春幡”(《汉宫春》)更显HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风流。
再写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>除夕守岁。“残日东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风,不放岁华去。”HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiyang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夕阳亦像人一样,对即将逝去的一年恋恋HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bushe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不舍,不肯轻易落HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山,同时东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风又带来了春的讯息,给人新的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望。这两句已有除旧迎新之意,切合“除夜立春”的题意。“放”用字尤其贴切,显示出梦窗炼字的功夫。
“有人添烛西窗,不眠侵晓,笑声转、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinnian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>新年莺语。”终于,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>除夕之夜降临,守岁的人们彻夜不眠,剪烛夜话,笑声不绝,在莺啼声中迎来了新春的清晨。“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinnian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>新年莺语”,援用杜甫“莺入HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinnian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>新年语”(《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春》)诗意。
以上的一切,欢欢喜喜,均为客居HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>他乡者的耳闻目睹,其人心境之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁苦,自在不言中了。周围的热闹与欢乐更加反衬出作者的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤,而且使这份HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤更让人难以承受。这位客居、有家难归的人,失去了与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>亲人团圆之乐,真是“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花无人戴,酒无人劝,醉也无人管”(无名氏《青玉案》)啊。
上片渲染了浓厚的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jieri/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>节日气氛,不能不唤起下片对温馨家庭HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆。陈洵评此词云:“前阕极HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xieren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写人家守岁之乐,全为换头三句追摄远神。”(《海绡说词》)
换头云:“旧尊俎,玉纤曾擘黄柑,柔香系幽素。”尊俎:古代盛酒肉的器皿,借指宴席。词人仿佛回到了昔日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chuxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>除夕之夜的家宴上,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人用纤纤玉手为自己破开黄橙,那幽香似乎还萦绕在周围。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆及此,当然别是一番滋味。上片以景之可喜反衬处境之可悲,人之欢乐反衬己之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁苦,此处又以昔之温馨反衬今之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qiku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄苦。
对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>追忆、神往,终于走进了梦境。而相隔既久,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanshui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山水迢递,过去的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆,连梦中也难以追寻了:“归梦湖边,还迷境中路。”HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hushui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>湖水如镜,梦影朦胧,难觅归路。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事散如轻烟,徒增无穷HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅惘而已。
HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事如烟,而今,与谁相对呢?“可怜千点吴霜,寒销不尽,又相对、落梅如HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨。”吴霜,用李贺《还自会稽歌》字面:“吴霜点归鬓。”此时是春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹融了冰HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪,可是永远不能销去飞上鬓角的寒霜,已经够可悲的了;更何况,落梅如HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,斑斑白发与点点白梅相对,这岂不令人凄绝!杜甫HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yongmei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏梅诗意:“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangbian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江边一树垂垂发,朝夕催人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zibai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自白头。”与此词意趣相一致。
梦窗此词委曲含蓄,欲藏还露,颇得清真HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风神,而其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情笔触又了然可寻。吴梅论梦窗词云:“貌观之,雕缋满眼,而实有灵气行乎其间。细心吟绎,觉味美于方回,引人入胜,既不病其晦涩,亦不见其堆垛。”(《词学通论》)自是研讨有得之言。真情实感是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shengming/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生命。有真情流贯其间,则无论表现为何种形式与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格,都有其动人之处。此词后半,愈来愈奇。
“归梦湖边,还迷镜中路”,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境的幽深冷峭,词中少见,唯白石名句“淮南皓月冷千HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山,冥冥归去无人管”(《踏莎行》),可与比照。歇拍处,情意的痛切,设想的妙巧,堪与东坡咏榴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花词“若待得君来向此,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花前对酒不忍触。共粉泪、两簌簌(《虞HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人》)前后相映生辉。