永遇乐·长忆别时鉴赏

原文

孙巨源以八月十五日离海州,坐别于景疏楼上。既而与余会于润州,至楚州乃别。余以十一月十五日至海州,与太守会于景疏楼上,作此词以寄巨源。

长忆别时,景疏楼上,明月如水。美酒清歌,留连不住,月随人千里。别来三度,孤光又满,冷落共谁同醉?卷珠帘、凄然顾影,共伊到明无寐。

今朝有客,来从濉上,能道使君深意。凭仗清淮,分明到海,中有相思泪。而今何在?西垣清禁,夜永露华侵被。此时看、回廊晓月,也应暗记。

赏析

  这是一首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人词,是为寄托对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haoyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>好友孙巨源的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念而作。

  上片由设想巨源当初HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别海州时写起,以月为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情线索。首三句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景疏楼上HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jianbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饯别时“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>明月如水”;“美酒”三句写巨源起行后HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>明月有情,“随人千里”;下六句写别来三度月圆,而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lutu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旅途HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤单,无人同醉,唯有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>明月相共,照影无眠。几种不HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tongqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>同情景,层深递进。但这都是出自词人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象,都是从对方在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuexia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月下的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心理感受上落笔,写得极有层次,形象逼真,情景宛然。词人这样着力刻画,表面上是映托巨源,实际上是写词人自己HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人之思。

  过片三句点破引发词人遥思之因,有客从濉上来,捎带了巨源“深意”,遂使词人更加痴情HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念。“凭仗”三句,又发奇想。淮河发源于河南,东经安徽、江苏入洪泽湖,其下游流经淮阴、涟HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山入海。此时孙巨源在汴京,苏轼在海州,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人泪洒清淮,东流到海,见出其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念之情深;自己看出淮水中有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思之泪,又说明HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huaiyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀友之意切。举目所见,无不HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lianxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>联想到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友情,而且也知道HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人也必念到自己。淮水之泪,将对方之深意,己方之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思,外化为具体形象,设想精奇,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情深透。“而今”以下六句,又翻进一境,再写意想中景象,回应上片几次点月,使全篇浑然圆妥,勾连一气,意脉层深。“夜永”句设想巨源在西垣(中书省)任起居舍人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gongzhong/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫中值宿时情景,长夜无眠,孤清HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞,“此时看、回廓晓月”,当起怀我之情,刻画更为感人,有形象,有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思。词人不说自己彻夜无眠,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/duiyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>对月HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人,而说对方如此,仍是借人映己。最后“也应暗记”,四字可谓神来之笔,这里有人有我,深细婉曲,既写到了巨源的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心理,又写出了自己的深意,是提醒,也是确信巨源会“暗记”往日的情景,二人绵长HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qingsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情思,具见言外。

  此词以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别时的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/mingyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>明月为线索抒写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友情,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术上别具一格。全词五次写到月:有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别时刻之月,有随HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人而去之月,有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时光流逝之月,有陪伴词人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独之月,有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人所望之月。词之上片以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xioyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写月始,下片以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xioyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写月终,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yueguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月光映衬HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友情,使作品词清意达,格高情真。

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