高阳台·送陈君衡被召鉴赏

原文

照野旌旗,朝天车马,平沙万里天低。宝带金章,尊前茸帽风欹。秦关汴水经行地,想登临、都付新诗。纵英游,叠鼓清笳,骏马名姬。

酒酣应对燕山雪,正冰河月冻,晓陇云飞。投老残年,江南谁念方回。东风渐绿西湖柳,雁已还、人未南归。最关情,折尽梅花,难寄相思。

赏析

  作者一向HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/reai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>热爱宋朝,宋亡以后坚隐不仕,因此这首词较一般的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗词而言,在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情上自有一番特色。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头三句写陈君衡被召,临行时车HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马旌旗繁多。“宝带”二句则隐含对陈氏屈仕元朝的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满之辞。“秦关”三句写路途迢迢。“纵英游”三句推想陈氏此去定豪纵携妓。下阕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头三句仍就HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别意替对方设想那边景象,表现出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guanqie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关切之情。“投老残年”以下转写自己暮年的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾三句写对君衡的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念。此词对君衡“被召”的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/taidu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>态度肯昧隐晦,既有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guanqie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关切,又有婉讽,表现了前朝文人的复杂心态。语言朴实无华,词意比较苍凉。

  上阕以写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别的场景为主,与一般的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗词似并无二致。起首三句“照野旌旗,朝天车HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马,平沙万里天低。”作者用HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haofang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>豪放笔法勾画出一幅威武鲜明的郊野送行的场面。只见旌旗飘飘,光照HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuanyo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>原野,车HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马辘辘,浩浩荡荡。这样威武雄壮的画面,衬以广阔的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuanyo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>原野作背景,活脱脱一幅令人振奋的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tuhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>图画,给人以充分的遐想。

  接下去这首词的主角陈君衡,出现在这幅画卷中。作者只用“宝带金章,尊前茸帽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风欹”两句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物便栩栩如生,跃然纸上。“宝带金章”,表明了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的身份,同时暗示此行的缘由:“尊前”,酒尊之前。唐诗人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马戴《赠HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人边游回》有“尊前语尽北HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风起,秋色萧条胡雁来”句。“茸帽HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风欹”,头上戴的皮帽被郊野的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风吹得略略倾斜,一个“欹”字,极为传神地勾画出HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的神气。欹即侧帽,典出《北史·独孤信传》:“信在秦州,尝因猎,日暮,驰HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马入城,其帽微侧,诘旦而吏人有戴帽者咸慕信而侧帽焉。”词用此典,极为贴切,而有微意。君衡之应蒙元之召,与慕信而侧帽的胡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风,正相一致。这一用典,实不同于一般泛用。作者由此想到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人北上要经过的路途和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人走后的作为。“秦关汴水经行地,想登临、都付新诗。纵英游,叠鼓清笳,骏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马名姬。”一路之上,登秦关临汴水,吟诗作赋。秦关,应泛指沿途之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山,中国习又称秦。汴水,流经北宋都城东京(今开封)的一条河鼓声阵阵,胡笳清脆;乘骏HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马,携名姬,纵情游乐。

  上阕对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别场景的铺陈及对别后情景的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象,看似与一般的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗词类似,但提及北宋旧地“秦关汴水”作者HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/woiwan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>委婉地透露出对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故国的念和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山河依旧、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人事已非的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gantan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感叹,而用笔极为含蓄。

  下阕主要抒发了作者对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人远去的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanggan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤感和对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人出仕新朝的担心与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满等复杂的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。头一句“酒酣应对燕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪,正冰河月冻,晓陇云飞”,进一步设想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人远去北国的情景。“酒酣”,指朝廷召宴,作者HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人彼时彼地应是燕HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪飘的冰天HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪地的影象,连HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yueliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月亮都仿佛冻住了似的,发出令人不寒而栗的光辉。“冰河月冻”,造语甚新,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境颇佳。这阴冷影象与上阕热烈欢快的情调形成鲜明的对照,为下面的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gantan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感叹铺垫了气氛。接着,作者将笔锋一转:“投老残年,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南谁念方回。”意为:我已是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风烛残年,不愿为新朝用而HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yinju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐居HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南,又有谁能常常记起我呢?方回,贺铸的字,他的《青玉案》有“试问闲愁都几许?一川烟草,满城HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风絮,梅子黄时HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨”句,十分有名。黄庭坚曾说:“解道HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南断肠句,世间唯有贺方回。”作者身在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南,又有一腔HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁怨,故以贺铸自比。这两句词不仅包含HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/nianlao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>年老力衰的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanggan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤感,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人离去的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情,还有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guojia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>国家沦亡的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shangtong/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤痛。“东HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风渐绿HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xihu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>西湖岸,雁已还,人未南归”,北方冰HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雪尚未消融的时候,春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风已经吹绿了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/dayan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>大雁已经飞回了,可是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人还没有回来。王安石有“春HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风又绿HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南岸”句,此处周密化用之想到此处,不禁HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tanxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叹息道:“最关情,折尽梅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,难寄HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思。”盛弘之《荆州记》载:陆凯曾从HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南将梅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花寄到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/changan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>长安送给他的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/haoyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>好友范晔,并曾诗说:“折梅逢驿使,寄与陇头人。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南无所有,聊赠一枝春。”周密这两句亦用此意,意思是说:我的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思之情即使折尽梅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花也难以表达。

  从字面看来,表现了作者对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人极为真挚恳切的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/huainian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀念之情。但如果深入体味,就不难悟出,这里还有着更深刻的寓意,那就是作者担心HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人到了北方,有了高官厚禄,忘怀自己,忘怀HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故国。这就不仅表达了身为遗民的惨淡HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情,而且含蓄地透露出对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人仕元的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满。这首词在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别诗词中是颇具特色的。写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别而通篇贯穿着深切感人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故国之思,作者既写眼前实景,也写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象中的虚景,虚实相合,深沉宛转地表达了作者复杂难言的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情。其中既有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bushe/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不舍和HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shanggan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤感,又有对其屈身仕元的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满,还有对南宋灭亡的怅恨。正是这种复杂的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心理,使得这首词没有像一般HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别词那样只刻画HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离愁别绪当然也没有对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的明显指摘,而只有借描写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别情景、抒写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lichou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离愁,含蓄地表达自己的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情。

返回