相送鉴赏

原文

客心已百念,孤游重千里。

江暗雨欲来,浪白风初起。

赏析

  HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头两句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xioshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写诗人临别时那种长期HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/piaobo2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>飘泊HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>异乡的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独之情。“客心”谓HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>异乡作客之心;“百念”,谓百感交集。何逊一生HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途并不亨通。他先在扬州刺史、建安王萧伟幕中掌记室,“后荐之武帝,与吴均俱进俸。后稍HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>失意……自是疏隔。”(《南史》本传)遂迁安成王萧秀幕中参军事,兼尚书水部郎。中丁母忧归。后又除庐陵王萧续幕府记室。大约四十岁左右即死去。故其作客HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>异乡,当与HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/kanke/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坎坷有关。所谓“百念”,诸如异地HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡之愁,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jilu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>羁旅行役之苦,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shitu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>仕途渺茫之忧,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/renqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人情冷暖之感,友朋难舍之念等,皆在其中。不难想见,其HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情已经够沉重了,更何况而今又将孤身一人再度千里奔波飘游远方呢!眼前尚有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pengyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>朋友饯行HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别,联句HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/weimian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>慰勉;顷刻之间,就将茕独孤舟,餐HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风饮露了。“孤游”,既突出自己征途中的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞,又包含着对友朋的无限HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xibie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜别之情。两句通过“已”、“重”二字构成递进关系,进一步加重了这种复杂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的重量,而与送者临别依依难舍之情也就隐然蕴藏在字里行间。

  三四两句,既是写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenshou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分手时江上的实景,又是借景HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情,含有象征意义。江天忽然浓云密布,烟霭黯然笼罩江面,一场暴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨即将来临;“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨欲来HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风满楼”,狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风乍起,江水顿时涌起滚滚白浪。这云暗天低,烟波浩渺之景,恰与诗人此刻百感交集,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪茫茫之情相切;这狂HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风巨浪,暴HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨将临,不仅是诗人心潮澎湃的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情外化,而且还形象地象征着、预示着HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/lutu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>旅途中等待着他的将是江上HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨一般的无穷无尽的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiannan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艰难险阻、严峻考验。

  送行HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/liubie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>留别这类诗,一般多是以情结出主旨,或HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xibie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜别,或HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/quanmian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>劝勉,或叮咛、或HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/zhuyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>祝愿。试看《何逊集》中此类篇什亦多如是。如《赠江长史别》:“安得生羽毛,从君入宛许?”《送韦司HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马别》:“弃置勿复陈,重陈长HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/tanxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>叹息。”《别沈助教》:“愿君深自爱,共念悲无益。”《临行与故游夜别》:“相悲各罢酒,何日同促膝?”《送褚都曹》:“本愿同栖息,今成相背飞。”这是何逊为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pengyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>朋友送行。至于他留赠为他送行的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/pengyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>朋友,则如《赠韦记室黯别》:“无因生羽翰,千里暂排空。”《相送联句》三首HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiewei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>结尾云:“一朝事千里,流涕向三春。”“愿子俱停驾,看我独解维。”“以我辞乡泪,沾君HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别衣。”无不以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情结出主旨。唯这首以景作结,不仅以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiojiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写江上实景见工,并且景中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情,物我融一。比兴之意优游不竭,耐人寻味。堪称别具一格。陈祚明评何诗“经营匠心,惟取神会。”(《采菽堂古诗选》卷26)沈德潜亦称其“情词宛转,浅语俱深。”(《古诗源》卷13)殆指此类。

  联句源于相传汉武帝与臣僚共作的《柏梁台诗》,但每人各作一句;晋代贾充HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fuqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夫妻联句,则人各二句;自陶渊明与愔之、循之联句,才发展为人各四句。南北朝时,联句之HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风盛行,鲍照、谢朓、范云、庾肩吾等人所作皆夥。与联句相对,凡无人续作或续而未成,则仅存的四句便称为绝句。“绝句”之名粱代始正式出现,何逊正当其时。此篇不仅两联对仗精妙,且词句精炼、HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风格清新,短短四句中,既有对过去的回味,对现在的描写,又有对未来的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youlǜ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧虑,包孕丰厚,已开唐人五绝气象。唯所押为仄韵,而平仄尚未完全规范,则又带有格律诗草创阶段的痕迹。

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