卜算子·风雨送人来鉴赏

原文

风雨送人来,风雨留人住。草草杯盘话别离,风雨催人去。

泪眼不曾晴,眉黛愁还聚。明日相思莫上楼,楼上多风雨。

赏析

  这是一首写男女HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相聚又相别的词。作者巧妙地将HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨贯穿全篇,并让它起着联系人、事、情的枢纽作用。人来,是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨送来的;人住,也是HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨留下的。来,固高兴;来而能住,更令人高兴。中藏曲折,切勿看作直笔。

  前二句对HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨的感谢之情,可于言外得之。原以为HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨不停,人便不会走,可是万没想到:“草草杯柈(盘)话HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bieli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>别离,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨催人去”。“杯盘”,以简驭繁,借指饮食。“草草杯盘”,既有饮食HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/jiandan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>简单意,也有准备此饮食是急匆匆意。看来这是在一次特殊情况下的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相聚,她很快就知道了HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马上还须HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别。由“来”而“住”而“话HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bieli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>别离”,都是在极短HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间发生的,而这未停的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨也从有情变为无情了。这里用了一个“催”字,暗示她心态的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化,由爱HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨而恨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,这是她此刻独特的感受。沈祥龙云:“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiaoling/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>小令须突然而来,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/youran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悠然而去,数语曲折含蓄,有言外不尽之致”(《论词随笔》)。词看浅白直露,表现女主人的初则喜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨(“来”),继更喜HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨(“住”),终至恨HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨(“去”),很有层次,跌宕多姿,曲折含蓄,细加寻绎,韵味无穷。

  下片正面写HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/bieli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>别离。喜极生悲,事出意外,现在他真的被“催”着要走了!“泪眼不曾晴,眉黛愁还聚”。前句“泪眼”与室外大HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然界的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨巧妙相联,天未放晴,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声淅沥,犹如人的眼一直在滴泪。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>古人以黛描眉,故称眉为“眉黛”。喜眉俊眼,那是当人“来”还“住”的时候。如今人去,眉黛紧蹙,愁又(“还”)聚到了一起(潜台词是:犹如未来时)。HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guren2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>古人HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xieren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写人的愁情,多用笔在眉黛上。如梁元帝《代旧姬有怨》:“怨黛舒还敛,啼红拭复垂。”万楚《题HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/qinHRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/gre/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人药栏》:“敛眉语芳草,何许太无情。”史达祖《双双燕·咏燕》:“愁损翠黛双蛾,日日画栏独凭”等。一结宕开一层,别出新意:“明日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思莫上楼,楼上多HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨。”一般常情是送行者嘱咐行人,从汉HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yuefu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐府以来便如此:“念与君HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别,气结不能言。各各重自爱,远道归还难。妾当守空房,闭门下重关”。范云《HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/songbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>送别》:“望怀白首约,江上早归航。”谢氏《送外》:“此去唯宜早早还,休教重起望夫HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山”。韦庄《菩萨蛮》:“劝我早HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/guijia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>归家,绿窗人似HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花”等。今则反其道而行之:“明日HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiangsi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>相思莫上楼,楼上多HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨。”这是行者嘱咐送行者。“明日”意为你想我,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望你不要上楼,明天会仍有HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,会更引起你的惦念。深一层说,“明日”指HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别以后,即日后。因为你会记得我们是在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中相逢,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中杯盘饮食,又在HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/fenbie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分别的情景,“HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/wangshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>往事浮心头”,你会更难过,因此以后莫到“多HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨”的楼上。殷殷致意,一往情深。

  词四处写到HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,并以HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨起,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨结。首尾呼应,主体的情与客体的HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨如鱼得水,融溶谐和,HRef=https://www.qijian.info/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境浑然,不知何者为景何者为情了。“神于诗者,妙合无垠”(王夫之《姜斋诗话》卷二),此词可以证之。

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